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مولانا سید ابوالاعلیٰ مودودی

آہ!مولانا سید ابوالاعلیٰ مودودی
موت وحیات قانون فطرت ہے، جو اس دنیا میں آیاہے اسے ایک دم جانا ضرور ہے، لیکن بعض شخصیتیں ایسی ہوتی ہیں کہ جب وہ اس جہان آب وگل سے رخصت ہوکرعالم آخرت کی طرف پرواز کرتی ہیں توایسا محسوس ہوتاہے کہ قلب و دماغ کی دنیا میں ایک زلزلہ ساآگیاہے اورخرمن ہوش وحواس پربجلی گرپڑتی ہے، اس زلزلہ اورصاعقہ فگنی کااحساس مقید اور محدود نہیں ہوتا بلکہ عالمگیر ہوتاہے اور اس کی شدت اورکرب مشرق ومغرب اورشمال وجنوب میں یکساں محسوس ہوتا ہے، یہی وہ شخصیتیں ہوتی ہیں جن کی وفات پرنطق ربانی کے لفظوں میں زمین وآسمان روتے ہیں اوران کی موت عربی کے اس شعر کامصداق ہوتی ہے:
وماکان قیس ھلکہ ھلک واحد
ولکنہ بنیان قوم تھدما
اس میں کوئی شبہ نہیں ہوسکتا کہ مولانا سید ابوالاعلیٰ مودودی کی وفات ایسی ہی ایک شخصیت کی وفات ہے۔
اب سے ساٹھ اکسٹھ برس پہلے کون کہہ سکتا تھا کہ جس سبزہ آغاز نوجوان نے اپنے والد ماجد کی ناگہانی وفات کے باعث معاشی ضرورت سے مجبور ہوکر اور اپنی تعلیم کوادھورا چھوڑ کر تاج(جبل پور)اورمسلم والجمعیت(دہلی)کی ایڈیٹری کو قبول کیا تھا، وہ ایک روزعالم اسلام کے افق پر آفتاب بن کرچمکنے اور ملت بیضا کی ایک نامور و عظیم تر شخصیت بننے والاہے لیکن موخرٔ الذکر اخبار کی ایڈیٹری (از۱۹۲۵ء تا۱۹۲۸ء)کے زمانہ میں ہی بعض مضامین اور خصوصاً ’’الجہاد فی الاسلام‘‘جواس نوجوان ایڈیٹر کے قلم سے نکلے وہ زبان و بیان اورحقائق و مطالب کے اعتبار سے اس درجہ موثر اورجاذب توجہ تھے کہ غیر منقسم ہندوستان کے ارباب فکر ونظر کی زبان بیساختہ نواسنج تحسین وآفریں ہوگئی اور دوراندیش نگاہوں نے تاڑ لیا کہ جرنلزم کے آسمان پرجو آج ہلال نوبن کر نمودار ہواہے وہ کل علم وتحقیق کے افق پرماہ کامل کی صورت میں جلوہ گر ہوگا۔
جیسا کہ...

Negotiating the Pre-9/11 Muslim Identity in Reluctant Fundamentlist and Home Boy

This paper critically analyses pre-9/11 diasporic identity of Muslims living in the US as immigrants or expatriates depicted in The Reluctant Fundamentlist (TRF) and Home Boy (HB) authored by minority outgroup Muslims (MO). The pre-9/11 identity and image of Muslims has exacerbated from erotic, primitive, barbaric, ignorant, close-minded and semicitizen to maddened, fundamentalist, blood-thirsty and terrorist after the attacks. The study attempts a textual analysis of the novels in the light of Rosenau’s model (2003) of diasporic acculturation process and social identity theory (ST). Given this stereotyping, this study endeavours to dissect the pre-9/11approach Muslims immigrants adopt to negotiate their religious identity in the hostland: whether they are fanatic and diehard separatist or they are moderate and assimilative into the enlightened values of the West. Opposite to popular assumptions, the protagonists have been found very much assimilative and adoptive to the host culture and also adhere to their homeland culture as well.

Preparation, Characterization and Studies of Conducting Polymer Composites and Blends

This work mainly concerns with the preparation, characterization and studies of some nanostructured composites and blends of Intrinsic Conducting Polymers (ICPs) with special reference to their charge transport mechanisms and device applications. These nanostructured composites consisted of two phases; a conducting phase and an insulating phase. Different series of nanocomposites with ICPs; Polypyrrole (PPy), Polyaniline (PANI) and Poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) as conducting phase and MMT clays and other lamellar structured materials such as CdPS 3 as an insulating phase were prepared and studied. A series of Polyaniline / Montmorillonite clay (PANI.MMT) composites was synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of varying amount of MMT clays in acidic medium. DC electrical conductivity was studied as a function of MMT loading and temperature to understand the charge transport mechanism in these composites. The conductivity followed quite well the temperature-dependence relationship σ(T) = σ 0. exp[-T o /T) 1/2 ], characteristic of one-dimensional variable-range hopping (1-D VRH). Frequency dependant AC conductivity followed the universal power law; this work is described in chapter 3. Another series of nanocomposites; PPy intercalated in the interlamellar region of Aluminum Pillared Montmorillonite (Al PMMT) clay with varying amounts of Al PMMT were prepared and studied. The Pyrrole was polymerized into the layers of Al PMMT replacing the Aluminum pillars and forming regular aligned chains of PPy, which not only enhanced AC and DC conductivities, but also affected the mechanism of conduction to switched from 3-D VRH in case of pristine PPy to 1-D VRH in all PPy Al PMMT nanocomposites. Maxwell Wagner effect was observed in dielectric spectroscopy. TGA curves of both the series of clay based ICP nonocomposites showed that the thermal stability is enhanced by insertion of ICPs in MMT clays. Blends of Polypyrrole and Polyaniline with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in the presence of Hydroquinone were also prepared and studied. The percolation threshold in PANI.DBSA PMMA with 1% hydroquinone blends was observed as low as 3% which is very low as compared to that of theoretical value of 16%. iiThe percolation threshold in PPy.DBSA PMMA was recorded as 7% which shows that PPy.DBSA has less interaction with PMMA as compared to that of PANI.DBSA. These results were further confirmed by FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy and dielectric spectroscopy. Single crystal Cadmium hexathiohypodiphosphates Cd(PS 3 ) 2 generally written as CdPS 3 and Poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) were successfully synthesized. PPV was synthesized by chemical polymerization method. Intercalation of K + , Eu + and then PPV into the layers of CdPS 3 was confirmed by XRD. PPV intercalated in layers of CdPS 3 and heated at 120°C (CPPV120) show enhanced conductivity and luminescence properties. Electrical Properties of polypyrrole (PPy) doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) were studied with and without a plasticizing agent hydroquinone. Hydroquinone was used as a compatibilizer to maximize solubility of PPy.DBSA in organic solvents which facilitated easy processing of flexible and mechanically strong PPy films for device applications. In order to assess the effect of hydroquinone on the electrical properties of PPy.DBSA /Aluminum (Al) Schottky junction, capacitance- voltage (C-V) and current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics were measured in Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)/PPy.DBSA /Al and ITO/PPy.DBSA .hydroquinone/Al structures. The observed J-V and C-V characteristics can be satisfactorily fitted to the modified Schottky equations. The junction parameters were found to be strongly influenced by hydroquinone. From C-V characteristics, the built-in voltage and charge concentration were also found to be influenced by the presence of hydroquinone. These results indicate that addition of hydroquinone to PPy.DBSA imparts better diode quality to the doped polymer/metal Schottky junction.
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