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Muhammad - The Recipient of The Qur’an

Muhammad -
The Recipient of The Qur’an

Muhammad was the only child of his parents – Sayyed ‘Abd-Allah bin ‘Abd Al-Muttalib Al- Hashemi and Sayyedah Aminah bint Wahb Al-Zuhriyya. He was born in Makkah, a commercial metropolis and a pilgrims’ hub in the Arabian Peninsula. His father passed away before his birth, and the mother when he was six. A shepherd in early life and a successful merchant in adulthood, he married Sayyedah Khadijah bint Khuwaylid at the age of 25. The happy couple became the parents of two sons and four daughters.

Muhammad ibn Abd-Allah was reputed to be a friendly and trustworthy gentleman with an impeccable character. He was admired for his generosity as well as his wisdom. The mutually hostile factions often called upon him to act as an arbiter. At home, he was known for his caring and helpful attitudes.

As he was attaining maturity, he was getting deeply disturbed by the social and moral environment around him. He found the idolatry and fetishism unholy and social injustices distressing. He increasingly began to search for a response to his own agony at the injustice and chaos around him by resorting to meditation and seclusion. He would go away from home for several days in a row and stay in a small cave on Mount al-Noor, it is a cave hiding in shyness and seclusion with a difficult access, named Hira.

One midnight, during the last week of the month of Ramadan that the Cave lightened up. It witnessed the presence of rows over rows of angels led by the Arch Angel, Gabriel. Muhammad got bewildered. It brought him awe, fear and foreboding. It was an experience unique of its kind; unique...

فقہاء کی نظر میں عبادات میں اوقات مکروہہ اور ان کے اسباب و اثرات کا علمی جائزہ

For every worshipping, almighty Allah has appointed a specific time, same is the case with prayer (salat). But the following five appointed times for prayers are abhorrent: 1) At noon time. 2) At Sun set. 3) At Sun rise. 4) After Asar Prayer. 5) After the evening prayer. To offer prayer in the first three mentioned times, is not allowable in the views of Ahnaf. According to Imam Shaafi, Imam Malik and Imam Ahmad, obligatory prayer (salat) is permissible but not nafl prayer. Near to Imam Shaafi, in these forbidden timings, “NawaflZawat-ulAsbab” is legal and in Makkah every type of Nafl is also permissible. Even, during these timings, funeral prayer and sijdae-telawat is allowable with duress. There are different views regarding the last two forbidden times.

Thermodynamic Stability, Defect Formation Energetics and Electronic Structure of 4D and 5D Perovskites from First-Principles Calculations

In the present study we explore 4d and 5d perovskite oxides of alkaline-earth metals which find applications in both electronic and renewable energy devices. We investigate the atomic structure, electronic properties and defect formation energies of intrinsic vacancies as well as oxygen vacancy clustering in AZrO3 and AHfO3 (A = Ca, Sr and Ba) compounds. For this purpose all-electron Full-potential linear augmented plane-wave plus local-orbitals method within the framework of density functional theory has been employed. A detailed investigation of the electronic properties of aforementioned compounds is carried out by means of electronic band structures, density of states, charge densities and effective Bader Charges. The chemical stability diagrams of these compounds are also obtained from the total energy calculations which are used for determining the tolerance of the AZrO3 and AHfO3 compounds towards intrinsic vacancy defects under different growth conditions. Moreover, various cases of oxygen vacancy clustering are considered for predicting stable configuration of ordered oxygen vacancies and n-type conductivity in oxygen deficient AZrO3 and AHfO3 perovskite oxides. It is found that pristine AZrO3 and AHfO3 perovskite oxides are large band gap materials. We show that A site metal-atom vacancy is more likely 18 to be achieved during the synthesis of these materials and can be used for tuning p-type nature. On the other hand, the large band gap of all AZrO3 and AHfO3 perovskite oxides can be considerably reduced by introducing isolated oxygen vacancies in these materials. A systematic analysis of ordered oxygen vacancies in different layers of these materials allows us to predict that n-type conduction in AZrO3 and AHfO3 can be realized when oxygen vacancies cluster in the ZrO2 and HfO2 layers of these compounds, respectively. Our results provides useful information concerning the utilization of these materials in electronic, optical and energy devices.
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