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غلام فرید کاٹھیا اور شاہد رضوان کے افسانے

غلام فرید کاٹھیا اور شاہد رضوان کے افسانے
( تقابلی جائزہ)
غلام فرید کاٹھیا
مہرغلام فرید کاٹھیا کا شمار دور جدید کے فکشن نگاروں میں ہوتا ہے۔ آپ اردو ادب کے ان ابھرتے ہوئے افسانہ نگاروں میں شمار ہوتے ہیں کہ جنہوں نے اپنے افسانوں کے ذریعے پسماندہ طبقے کے مسائل کی بھرپورعکاسی کی ہے۔ مہرغلام فرید کاٹھیا کے اب تک " تین"افسانوی مجموعے"لمحوں کی قید"،"سرسوں کا پھول"اور"سفید تتلیوں کا ہار" شائع ہو چکے ہیں۔مہرغلام فرید کاٹھیا نے اپنے ان تینوں افسانوی مجموعوں میں محتاجوں،غریبوں،لاچاروں، اور مظلوم عورتوں پر ہونے والے مظالم پر قلم اٹھایا ہے۔ آپ کے تمام افسانے غریبوں کے استحصال اور وڈیروں کے ہاتھوں پسماندہ طبقے سے کی جانے والی ناانصافیوں کا منہ بولتا ثبوت ہیں۔ ازل ہی سے بر سرِ اقتدار طبقے نے اپنے سے کم حیثیت لوگوں پر ظلم و جبر کے پہاڑ توڑے ہیں۔امیروں نے غریبوں کو اپنے مفادات کی غرض سے فقط استعمال ہی کیا ہے۔ لوگوں سے تھوڑی اجرت کے بدلے زیادہ مشقت کروائی جاتی رہی ہے۔ پسماندہ طبقے کی غریبی کو مذاق بنا کرحقداروں سے ان کے جائز حقوق چھینے جاتے رہے ہیں۔کارل مارکس کے نظریہ مارکسزم اور ترقی پسند تحریک سے وابستہ افسانہ نگاروں نے جب غریبوں پر ہونے والے جبر و زیادتی کومحسوس کیا تو ان افسانہ نگاروں نے معاشرے کی اصلاح کے لئے غریبوں کے حق میں آواز بلند کرنا شروع کر دی۔ مزدوروں،کسانوں اور غریبوں کو کم اجرت دینے،غریبوں کے غریب تر اور سرمایہ داروں کے امیر تر بنتے جانے کے خلاف جن مصنفین نے اپنی تحریروں میں پسماندہ طبقے کی مشکلات کے حل کے لیے قلم اٹھایا ان میں پریم چند، سعادت حسن منٹو،احمد ندیم قاسمی،عصمت چغتائی،راجندر سنگھ بیدی،اختر حسین رائے پوری وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔
جس طرح ماضی میں دیگر مصنفین و افسانہ نگاروں نے غریبوں کے حق کے لئے قلمی جہاد...

حضرت امام ابو حنیفہ کے علمی اسفار

Born to a Muslim family in Kufa, Abu Hanifah (RH) is known to have travelled to the Hejaz region of Arabia in his youth, where he studied under the most renowned teachers of Makkah and Medina. Due to his wisdom and knowledge, he is also considered a renowned Islamic scholar. A question arises that why he has a distinguished name in Islamic history. Firstly, he travelled a lot for the sake of knowledge. He started to travel since 94 A.H but from 104 A.H, he had a consistent travelling to quench his thirst for knowledge. Secondly, he did hi level best to spread this knowledge to others. Even he had devoted his complete life for the sake of it. Amongst Imam Abu Hanifah's teachers was Hammad ibn Sulayman, he joined his circle at the age of 22, having already become a well-known debater and studied with this great teacher until the latter's death, where upon he took over his ‘’majlis’’ (circle) at the age of forty. Many well-known scholars admire and praise Imam Abu Hanifah’s services like Imam as-Shafi (RH) is recorded to have stated: "All men of fiqh are Abu Hanifah's children, " ".I would not have acquired anything of knowledge had it not been for my teacher”.

Thermodynamical Behaviour of 1-1 Strong Electrolytes in Water, Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Water- Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mixtures.

The densities, viscosities and relative viscosities of solutions of several univalent electrolytes Lithium bromide (LiBr), Sodium bromide (NaBr), Potassium bromide (KBr), Rubidium bromide (RbBr) Cesium bromide (CsBr) and reference salts tetra butyl ammonium tetra phenyl borate (BU4NBPh4 ), tetra butyl ammonium bromide (BU4NBr) and potassium chloride (KCl) were measured over the entire range of concentration at 25 oC to 45oC in pure DMSO, pure water and DMSO- H2O binary mixtures. Data was analysed by Jones-Dole equation to determine ion –ion interactions (the A- coefficients), ion- solvent interaction, (the B- coefficients) for alkali metal bromides in pure DMSO, pure water and DMSO- H2O binary mixtures. The values of A- coefficients were small and almost positive in all the cases. The values of B- coefficients were large and almost positive of all the salts in DMSO and DMSO- H2O mixtures, which showed the structure making abilities of the salts in DMSO- H2O mixtures at all the five temperatures. The values of viscosity B- coefficients were found negative for KBr, RbBr and CsBr in pure water at all the five temperatures, which showed the structure breaking abilities of the salts while the values of viscosity B- coefficients of LiBr and NaBr in water at all the five temperatures were found positive and behave as structure makers. iv The viscosity B- coefficient data was further splitted into ionic B- coefficient for non-aqueous solvents by using Gill and Sharma’s convention and Gurney’s convention into ionic B- coefficients for aqueous solvent systems. From ionic B- coefficient data it was observed that in pure DMSO all the alkali metals have strong structure making abilities. It was also observed that these structure making abilities were decreased with the increase in ionic radii or temperature. While in aqueous solvents (DMSO- H2O) mixtures the structure forming capabilities were weakened and structure breaking abilities were appeared at all temperatures. In pure water except Li+ and Na+ all the ions showed the structure breaking properties, which increased with the increase in temperature. The data obtained during this study was found in good agreement with those values which were already available in literature. The Transition state parameters such as free energies and energies of activation for viscous flow have been calculated for the whole solvent system. From the present study it is concluded that the energy of activation of viscous flow is influenced by the concentration and the size of the solute particles. So the energy of activation of viscous flow for CsBr is greater than for RbBr, KBr, NaBr and LiBr in DMSO and DMSO-H2O mixtures. It is also observed that the energy of activation of viscous flow are greater for alkali metal bromides in water than in DMSO due to the presence of a network of hydrogen bonds in water. For the free energy of activation for viscous flow, it is observed that the free energy of activation for viscous flow increases with temperature.
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