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گونہ تم سے ملی وفا مجھ کو

گو نہ تم سے ملی وفا مجھ کو
پھر بھی تم سے نہیں گلہ مجھ کو

میں بھی تم سے کنارا کر لیتا
کرنی آتی نہیں جفا مجھ کو

زندگانی گزارنے کے لیے
مرنا پڑتا ہے بار ہا مجھ کو

اُس کو مجبوریوں نے گھیرا تھا
کہہ نہ پایا وہ برملا مجھ کو

وہ نہ دھتکارتا مجھے تائبؔ
چاہے کرتا نہ کچھ عطا مجھ کو

A Comparative Study of Dawn and Jang with Special Regard to Agenda Setting Theory of Press: Ten Years before and after 9/11

The relationship between Pakistan and America has always been a focus of the media of both countries as well as the international media. Even a slight shift in the policies of these two countries for each other is capable of making newspaper headlines and attracting maximum attention of the press of both countries. This study is a comparative analysis of the editorial pages of daily Dawn (English) and daily Jang (Urdu) to explore the agenda setting role of two of Pakistan’s oldest and most credible newspapers, vis-à-vis the Pakistan-US relationship. The research takes into consideration a total of 20 years of Pakistan-US relations by dividing the period into two groups which are ten years before the incident of 9/11 and ten years after 9/11. This understudied period is specifically important because the relations between Pakistan and America during these phases have vacillated between periods of engagements, wherein Pakistan enjoyed the status of the most favoured ally without compromising its regional interest, and the periods of disengagements wherein Pakistan faced sanctions from the US and was left alone to deal with the aftermath of the Afghan war and the War on Terrorism. Hence, this study obtains interesting insights about how the two Pakistani newspapers which represent the Urdu and the English press of Pakistan highlighted the agenda-setting role of the press through the coverage of the issues between Pakistan and US on their editorial pages.

Calibration and Evaluation of Oilcrop-Sun Model for Nitrogen Application, Plant Densities and Deficit Irrigation in Sunflower Helianthus Annuus L. under Changing Climate Scenarios: 2025 and 2050

The OILCROP-SUN model was used to simulate the phenology, growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at different N rates, planting densities and deficit irrigation. The model was run with the data recorded from experiments conducted at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, during spring season of 21012 and 2013. The treatments comprised of three nitrogen levels: 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1 and four irrigation levels (Control, irrigation at 45, 60 and 75 mm potential soil moisture deficit) in first trial. In the second experiment, the treatments were three plant densities (83333, 66666 and 55555 plants ha-1) and three nitrogen levels (90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1). The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having a net plot size of 3.6 m × 5 m. Both irrigation treatments (full irrigation and irrigation at 45 mm potential soil moisture deficit) were good for hybrid Hysun-33 depending upon water availability. However water can be saved by irrigation application based on PSMD as compared to control. Achene yield in response of various treatments was mainly associated with phenology, growth, light interception and photosynthetic rate of sunflower. Sowing of Hysun-33 in 60 cm apart rows keeping a plant to plant distance of 20 cm with 150 kg N ha-1 gave maximum achene yield. Higher leaf area duration (LAD) and light interception at this treatment finally led to maximum achene yield. The OILCROP-SUN model simulated phenology, growth, achene yield and oil contents with reasonably accuracy during model calibration, evaluation and validation. So this model is suitable to use as a research tool in our agro-environmental conditions. The climate change analysis indicated the negative effects of climate change on sunflower production. The OILCROP-SUN model predicted a decrease in crop duration, leaf area index, total dry matter and achene yield at increased temperatures (1 oC in 2025 and 2 oC in 2050) as compared to the present. Although increased CO2 concentration showed a positive effect on sunflower but it did not compensate the negative effects of increased temperature.
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