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اسم ِ استفہامیہ : کم؟(کتنا)
اسم ِ استفہامیہ :کم؟(کتنا)
ارشارِ ربانی ہے:
"كَمْ أَهْلَكْنَا مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ مِنْ قَرْنٍ فَنَادَوْا وَلَاتَ حِينَ مَنَاصٍ"۔ [[1]]
" کتنی ہی امتوں کو ہم (عذاب سے) ہلاک کر چکے ہیں سو انہوں نے (ہلاکت کے وقت) بڑی ہائے پکار کی اور وہ وقت خلاصی کا نہ تھا"۔
یعنی ان کو معلوم رہنا چاہیے کہ اسی غرور وتکبر کی بدولت انبیاء اللہ سے مقابلہ ٹھان کر بہت سی جماعتیں پہلے تباہ و برباد ہو چکی ہیں وہ لوگ بھی مدتوں پیغمبروں سے لڑتے رہے۔ پھر جب برا وقت آ پڑا اور عذاب الٰہی نے چاروں طرف سے گھیر لیا تو گھبرا کر شور مچانے اور خدا کو پکارنے لگے۔ مگر اس وقت فریاد کرنے سے کیا بنتا۔ خلاصی کا موقع گزر چکا تھا، اور وقت نہیں رہا تھا کہ ان کے شوروبکاء کی طرف توجہ کی جائے۔
أحاديث الأحكام المختلفة على سفيان الثوري بابدال الراوي وأثرها على اختلاف الفقهاء
The differences in the transmissions of the Hadith have great impact on the disagreement among the jurists, and this sets in the diversity in Fiqh. This research is about the disagreement of narrators from Imam Sufyan al-Thawri in the Asanid of Hadiths which are collected from the book “Ellal al-hadith by Imam al-Daraqutni”. The difference among the narrators exist in the Sanad by the change of narrator in the Sanad, and it results in the disagreement its impact on the various jurisprudential issues between Jurists Key words: Canonical Ahadith, Narrators of Sufian al-Thawri, Disagreement among the Jurists.Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Based New Analgesic, Anti- Inflammatory and Antipyretic Drugs
The carboxylic acid group (-COOH) present in most commercial NSAIDs is thought to be partly responsible for the gastric toxicity associated with the long-term administration of these compounds. The goal of the present research was to determine if new NSAID derivatives devoid of acidic moieties would retain the anti- inflammatory activity while exerting a lower degree of gastric toxicity compared to the corresponding parent NSAID. In this regard, we replaced the carboxylic acid group in aspirin, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, and naproxen with a series of quaternary ammonium moieties, and the resulting water-soluble NSAID derivatives were tested for anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity in vivo. Results of our investigation showed that replacement of quaternary ammonium moieties for the carboxylic acid group present in NSAIDs, yielded potent anti-inflammatory molecules without stomach ulceration when administered orally to rats. Among the new compounds, N- (2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propan-1-aminium chloride (a naproxen derivative) was the most potent anti-inflammatory agent (65.28% inhibition of inflammation at 6.4 mg/kg); however, unlike the reference compound naproxen (ulcer index = 108.7), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propan-1- aminium chloride did not produced gastric ulcers (Ulcer index = 0) when administered orally at equimolar doses (0.17mmol). These results suggest that the carboxylic acid group present in commercial 2-phenylpropionic acid NSAIDs is not an essential requirement for anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, and offers a new concept in drug design by using water-soluble ammonium moieties instead. Derivatives of salicylic acid were screened for analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, and acute toxicity. The result of this study indicated that these compounds possess dose dependent statistically significant analgesic, anti- inflammatory and antipyretic properties, compared to aspirin, without causing gastric ulceration and acute toxicity.Journals by Discipline
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