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موسم

موسم
موسم بنیادی طور پر خود نظر نہیں آتا لیکن یہ اپنی نشانیوں کی وجہ سے محسوس و معلوم ہوتا ہے۔ یہ وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ چلتے ہوئے، گردشِ ایام کی حدود و قیود کو خیالات اور اعمال احساسات کی نظریاتی تشکیل و ترکیب کا سبب بناتا رہتا ہے۔ یہ اسراری امکانات کے منکر ین سے چند سوالات رکھتا ہے ۔ پھر ثابت حیثیت کے زمان و مکان کی تشریح میں مہاجر پرندوں کی مثالیں سمو کر، اعتراضات کو جذبات میں تقسیم کر دیتا ہے۔ زمانی نظریات کو طبیعی فکر کے متوازی رکھتا ہے۔ کھلتے پھولوں میں سوچ جھنجھوڑ کر جگاتا ہے ۔ پھر عقل کل کے معانی کو فکر کل کے دائروں سے ملاتے ہوئے ، مرکز شعور تک لا کر ، پہلی پہچان سے اُبھرنے والی سرگوشیوں کو خواب زدہ بڑبڑاہٹ یا رویا کی حالت سے روشناس کرا دیتا ہے ۔ یہاں ذہنی کیفیت بدلتی رہتی ہیں ۔کچھ لوگ اسے ہزیان۔۔۔تو کچھ لوگ اسے ذہنی روشنی کے معیار میں ڈوبی زمانی خصوصیت قرار دے کر ، ظاہری مماثلت اور باطنی تغیرات کے حقیقی یقین کا ثبوت سمجھتے ہیں جو طرزِ بیان میں ، تعلقات شعور کے نظام احساسات میں شمسی جنوں، قمری فسوں کے آئینہ دار ہوتے ہیں۔
تعمیری عقیدتوں میں جن ستاروں کی نشان دہی ہوتی ہے وہ فطری ادراک کی تعریف میں درد کے صحیفوں کا ذکر کرتے ہوئے ، اُن پودوں سے بھی ملاقات کرواتے ہیں جن کی ایک ہی شاخ پر پھول اور زرد سبز پتے ہوتے ہیں، جبکہ پھولوں کا رنگ پتوں سے مختلف ہوتا ہے ۔ حالانکہ خوراک روشنی ،ہوا اور پانی دونوں کو ایک ہی زمین اور ماحول میں دستیاب ہوتی ہے۔ اُسی پودے کی جڑوں میں گھاس پھونس اور جڑی بوٹیاں بھی موجود ہوتی ہیں ۔ وہ بھی اُسی ماحول اور زمین سے اپنی ضروریات پوری کر...

Phase-dependent expression profiling and quantification of several growth factors in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy

Growth factors are the potential operational members which control different phases of liver regeneration. Different growth factors have expression regulation in the whole process relating to different phases of liver regeneration. Objective: To assess the expression regulation of different growth factors and cytokines involved in liver regeneration in a phase-dependent manner. Methods: Blood and liver samples were collected and analyzed on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th postoperative days after 50% Partia hepatectomy (PHx). Results: Steady increase of liver regeneration rate was recorded from 90.8% (1st day) to 97.9% (7th day). Liver function tests further confirmed the steady liver recovery in PHx mice. Several growth factors such as HGF and VEGF exhibited an up-regulation till 5th day and later gradual decrease till 14th day compared to control mice. Albumin, CK18 and CK19 showed sequential expression increase from 1st to 14th day compared to AFP and HNF-4α upregulated until 5th and 1st day, respectively. Quantification of these growth factors further confirm our results. Conclusions: Conclusively, these results highlight a phase-dependent regulation and role of growth factors in liver regeneration and recovery

Ion Beam Modification in Metallic Nitride Thin Films Deposited by Pld

Singly charged carbon (C+) ions irradiation effects on surface, structural, electrical as well as mechanical properties of metallic nitride films has been investigated. The thin metallic nitride films of Titanium Nitride (TiN), Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) and Chromium Nitride (CrN) were grown by using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. All films were deposited by the ablation of pure metals of Ti, Zr and Cr targets in reactive nitrogen atmosphere. Nd:YAG (532 nm, 140 mJ, 6 ns, 10 Hz) laser beam was employed as source of irradiation for PLD. The optimization of deposition parameters especially the nitrogen gas pressure and substrate temperature for the growth of good crystalline metallic nitride films has been performed. In order to study the effect of singly charged carbon (C+) ions irradiation on deposited films, they were exposed to ions of different energies of 1 MeV and 2 MeV at different doses ranging from 0.4×1014 to 1.8×1015 ions/cm2. The surface topography and structural properties of as deposited and ion irradiated films were investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) respectively. A four point probe setup was used to investigate electrical behavior of ion irradiated thin films. The variations in surface hardness by ion irradiation were examined using Vickers microhardness tester. For 2 MeV carbon ion irradiation, nanohillocks are formed on both TiN and ZrN films. Whereas, for CrN films, island like structures with perturbed surface morphology are formed. The exposure of TiN films with 1 MeV carbon ions is also responsible for the growth of nanohillocks. It is revealed that the density of nanohillocks strongly depends upon irradiation dose and increases with increasing the ion dose up to certain critical value. Beyond that critical value, the hillocks density decreases and hillocks size increases. It implies that the growth of nanoscale structures is strongly dependent upon the nature (TiN, ZrN, CrN) of nitride films as well as energy and dose of ions. The formation of nanohillocks is explainable on the basis of thermal spike model and is attributed to the localized energy deposition of incident ions that leads to abrupt temperature rise. If temperature rise is higher than the melting temperature of the film, it generates thermal spikes which lead to mechanical stresses by thermal expansion and are responsible for the emergence of nanohiloocks. Structural analysis by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) reveals that ion irradiation produces considerable modifications in structural parameters like lattice constant, crystallite size, dislocation density, strain and residual stresses. Initially an increase in ions dose improves the crystallinity of films up to certain range and then beyond this limit, the crystallinity decreases and causes amorphization. The new carbide phases of TiC and ZrC are also formed due to carbon ion implantation. Four point probe analysis of ion-irradiated films shows the variation in electrical resistivity with ion dose. The modifications in electrical behavior are well correlated with the ion induced modifications in crystallinity as well as phase transformations. The microhardness measurements shows that, ion irradiations significantly changes the surface microhardness of metallic nitride films. The modification in surface microhardness depends upon, ion produced structural modifications especially the variation in crystallite size, formation of new carbide phases and ion induced defects generation. However, more pronounced increase in surface microhardness has been observed for that energy and doses which are suitable to generate harder carbide phases. The carbon ion irradiation is found to be suitable for surface nanostructuding of metallic nitride films and formation of harder carbide phases. The nanostructured metallic nitride electrode is the requirement of electrochemical capacitors and lithium ion batteries to improve their performance. In addition the carbon ion induced formation of carbide phases in metallic nitride films improves their mechanical properties, which is important in the fields of hard and wear resistive industrial coating applications.
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