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مقاطعہ قریش

مقاطعہ قریش
رفتہ رفتہ مسلمانوں کی تعداد میں اضافہ ہوتا گیا چند نفوس قدسیہ حضرت عمر ؓ اور حضرت حمزہ ؓ جیسے جری ، نڈر، صائب الرائے اور پختہ عزم و عقیدہ کے مالک تھے ۔ یہ نامور اور شہرت یافتہ لوگ تھے یہ بنیادی حیثیت رکھتے تھے ۔ ہمالیہ پہاڑ کااپنی جگہ سے ٹل جانا ممکن تھا لیکن ان کا اپنے موقف سے ہٹ جانا نا ممکن تھا ۔ صحابہ کرام کو جس قدر تشدد کا نشانہ بنایا کفار کو منہ کی کھانا پڑی اور جتنی شدت سے نا روا ظلم اور بہیمانہ سلوک روا رکھا گیا وہ اسی قدر نا کام اور نا مراد ہوئے ۔ کفار کے عزیز و اقارب ایک ایک کر کے اسلام قبول کر رہے تھے ۔ کلمہ حق کی صدا بلند کرنے اور اسلام کو سینے سے لگانے میں جو کچھ مسلمانوں پر بیتی اس کے تصور سے انسان لرزہ بر اندام ہو جاتا ہے ۔صحابہ کرام کے بجز حضور ﷺ بھی قریش کی ایذاء رسانیوں سے محفوظ نہ تھے کفار کے تیار شدہ (ready made ) اور آموختہ بچے آپ ﷺ پر پتھر برساتے اور گالیاں بکتے ، کبھی مجنون و ساحر اور کبھی کاہن و شاعر کہہ کر تمسخر اڑاتے ، آپ ﷺ پر کوڑا کرکٹ پھینکا جاتا ، اونٹ کی اوجھڑی آپ ﷺ کی پشت پر حالت نماز میں ڈال دیتے بعض دشمن راہ میں کانٹے بیچھاتے حتی کہ طائف میں انسانیت سوز ظلم کیا آوارہ لڑکوں کو پیچھے لگایا وہ آوازیں کستے ، پتھر پھینکتے جس سے آپ ﷺ لہو لہان ہو گئے اور خون سے جوتے بھر گئے۔ کسی نے چادر گلے میں ڈال کر بل کس دئیے کہ آنکھیں باہر نکل آئیں ۔اسلام سے بر گشتہ کرنے کے لیے دنیا بھر کے جتن کیے ۔ جب ہر حربہ اور ظلم و ستم میں بجھا...

علّامہ ابن الجوزی کی تفسیر (زاد المسیر فی علم التفسیر) میں اشعار سے استشہاد کا علمی اور تحقیقی جائزہ

This paper describes that if we want to know about poetry we must understand that out of context we can never arrive at our destination. The Qur‘ān should be read and understood in totality of its message and spirit. Its verses are local and universal. Some verses are in local environments but leave universal and external message. The verses of Sūrah Yāsīn and Sūrah Najm related to poetry clearly exhibit the truth that God rejected the claim of the infidels who regarded the Qur‘ān as the book of poetry and Prophet Muhammad as a poet. It is an apt reply to the infidels that Qur‘ān is a message of God with a serious mission and motto. The Holy prophet used to ask people to recite the Holy poetry of Abu ║ālib. ╓assān bin thābit used to recite ‘Nāt’ in the presence of the Prophet. They enhanced the divine mission of the prophets through their facile pen and noble spirit. Hence in the light of above brief dissertation we can profess that Islam does not oppose poetry if it is written on didactic and divine lines.

Mathematics Teaching and Learning Practices at Secondary Level in Public and Private Schools of Pakistan

The aim of the study was to investigate the mathematics teaching and learning practices of secondary school teachers and to identify the gap between current mathematics teaching practices in Pakistan and best teaching practices suggested by the literature. In order to attain this aim, the researcher selected a sample of 1000 secondary school students at secondary level and 100 teachers teaching. The sample was taken in two stages. In first stage 25 public male schools and 25 public female schools were selected. Similarly 25 private male schools and 25 female private schools were also selected. Ten students from each of the sample schools were selected by using systematic random sampling technique. The study was mixed-method in nature and followed a concurrent research design in which both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis went parallel and the findings complement each other. The data for qualitative part were collected through semi-structured interviews of teachers and video-recorded classroom observation of students while the quantitative data were collected with the help of two survey instruments one for students and the other for teachers. The qualitative part was analyzed with the help of content analysis technique and the quantitative part with descriptive and inferential statistics. The reliability coefficient derived in a pilot study indicated that surveys were reliable enough to be used in the detailed study for data collection. The findings indicated serious gap between the current and perceived teaching and learning practices. It was discovered that teachers do talk about best practices but were not willing to apply those as they have their own many reasons for not doing so such as overworking, limited material resources and overcrowded classrooms. It was also found that the teachers did not even know what classroom practices have been recommended in educational policy documents and national curriculum of mathematics. It was pointed in survey that discussion and demonstration method are highly being used by the teachers whereas the classroom observations revealed that teachers used drill and practice method often. Further the teachers also claimed during the interview that drill and practice method is the best method for teaching and learning mathematics at secondary level. The teachers give guide books to students for memorizing various concept and subsequent drill. Although many teachers preached for conceptual understanding of mathematic yet it is lacked in classrooms. Problem solving technique of teaching is claimed to be a best and effective practice cum standard specified in National Curriculum Mathematics (2006) the data has shown that this practice is rarely used in the mathematics classrooms. It is concluded that the Pakistani mathematic secondary school teachers do not use many of the best mathematic teaching practices suggested by the literature. It was also observed in study that some of the best mathematic teaching practices are being used in private schools which are illustrated in teacher survey. But in students’ survey public school students have better perception of teaching and learning practices then private school students which is also observed in qualitative data. It has been recommended that the teachers may be oriented to use best mathematic teaching practices in their secondary school classrooms in order to develop deeper conceptual understanding among the students. Further the teachers may also be provided opportunities to develop their own knowledge and understanding of the recommended mathematics teaching practices as suggested by the national education policy and curriculum documents. It is further recommended that the future research may be conducted in order to explore how pre- and in-service training prepare secondary school mathematics teacher for the use of best mathematics teaching practices.
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