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تانیثیت کا نظریاتی پس منظر اور اردو کا نسوانی ادب

ثانیثی  ادب  اور تنقید مخصوص جنسی گروہ کے لیے قلم بند کی جاتی ہے۔ جس کے لکھنے والے اور قاری مخصوص جنسی  گروہ سور رجحان سے وابستہ ہوتے ہیں۔  کیونکی اس جنسی گروہ کا معاشرے میں مخصوص کردار ہوتا ہے۔ 1960 میں یہ روئیے جدید  رنگوں مین  ایک عمرانیاتی  شعور کے ساتھ  ہمارے مطالعوں اور سوچوں کا حصہ بنے۔ثانیثیت {FEMINISM} کے معاشرتی اور ادبی نظریاتی مطالعات میں جنسی تعصّبات کے حوالے سے بہت حساس رہا ہے۔اس کے سکہ بند تصورات پر سوالات بھی اٹھاتی ہے۔ ثانیثی تنقید میں مارکسی، فرائدین، ساختیاتی پس ثانیثی تنقید، رد ثانیثی تنقید، نئی ثانیثی تنقید، نسلی اور مذھبی ثانیثیت تناظر میں اپنی اپنی تعبیرات اور تفاسیر بیان کی گئی ہیں۔ اس کو عورت کی مزاحمت اور احتجاج کا نظریہ بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ جو عورتوں کے بارے میں تصورات، مفروضات کو منفرد سیاق و سباق عطا کرتے ہیں۔ کہا جاتا ہے ثانیثی ادب کے متن میں کچھ امور اور معاملات ایسے ہوتے ہیں جن کو اسے صرف عورت ہی سمجھ سکتی ہے۔اور سمجھا سکتی ہے۔ کیونکہ عورت کے تجربات اور حساسیّت کو مرد کلی طور پر سمجھ نہیں پاتا۔ مارکسی فکریات میں ثانیثیت سے کچھ زیادہ دلچسپی اور ہمدردی کے جذبات نظر نہیں آتے کیونکہ یساریت پسند فکریات میں طبقاتی درجہ بندی میں خواتین کا علحیدہ وجود تسلیم نہیں کیا جاتا۔ اسی طرح فرائڈ کی فکر میں انسانی تعلقات کے عمل کیمیائی و انسلاکات اور بین العمل میں مرد کا آلہ تناسل کو ثانیثی تجزیات سے منسلک کردیتا ہے۔ جو شارح اور رہنما بھی ہے۔ جو قوت مقتدر بھی ہے۔ سوال یہ ہے کہ کیا ثانیثی تنقید اور مطالعوں کے زریعے عورت اپنے مادّی نظام کی گم شدہ شجرہ نسب کو دریافت کرسکتی ہے۔ حیدرقریشی نے  رقم طراز ہیں " صدیوں سے انسانی معاشرہ میں عورت کو کم تر درجہ دیا گیا...

سند (مالک عن نافع عن ابن عمر)، محدثین اور مستشرقین کا نقطہ نظر

Abstract By preserving and narrating hadīth, a chain of narrators was started to maintain its authenticity. When the experts of hadīth realized that some unreliable transmitters might try to fabricate Hadīth, this work started more systematically. Even the chain gradually attained such importance that every Muhaddīth was concerned much about it. In the second century of  Hijra, when the teaching and learning of hadīth became the standard of honor and great respect, some people devoted their lives to this work. They travelled to many countries of world and obtained the knowledge of Hadīth from prominent scholars of their time. Experts of Asmā-ul-Rijāl awarded them the certificate of holding the highest position of trust and credibility. The chains having such trustworthy transmitters are considered to be of higher rank than others. Among such traditions there is also one "Mālik-an-Nāfi'-an-Ibn-e-Umar". Due to the reliability of its narrators, Imām Bukhāri and many other Muhaddithīn considered it as "golden chain". When some of the Orientalists started raising objections to the Prophetic Hadīth, they criticized the narrators of the Hadīth as well. Especially the narrators who were declared trustworthy and reliable by Muslim scholars. For this, they especially criticized Abu Hūraira from among the companions and Imām Zuhri among the Successors. The chain of hadīth, (Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn e Umar) “golden chain” was also seriously criticized by Joseph Schacht and Juynboll etc. In this article, a comparative study of the viewpoints of the Muhaddithīn and the Orientalists regarding the chain “Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn eUmar” is presented.

Measurement of Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Indoor Radon and Development of a Passive Dosimeter for Thoron’S Progeny

Radon has long been recognized as one of the indoor air problems. There is a strong relation between radon and lung cancer. It is the second leading cause of the lung cancer after cigarette smoking. The present research work concerning the Measurement of seasonal and spatial variation of indoor radon and development of a passive dosimeter for thoron’s progeny is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the field and laboratory measurements which were performed using the passive radon dosimeters and in the second part laboratory experiments were carried out to develop a new passive thoron progeny dosimeter. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to radon, its health effects, measurement techniques and the instruments used for the measurement of indoor radon concentration. Different dose conversion relations and excess lung cancer reports have also been discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 describes different types of equipments and materials used in the research work. Information about the geology, climatic conditions and building characteristics of the houses surveyed have also been given in this chapter. It also includes procedure of the samples preparation for the measurement of radioactivity and radon exhalation rate in the laboratory using active and passive detectors. In chapter 3 reviews reported studies conducted in Pakistan concerning the measurement of natural radioactivity and indoor. Chapter 4 discusses the results and discussion of the present work concerning radon measurement performed throughout the years in four cycles which has covered all the seasons. Seasonal correction factor, weighted average indoor radon levels excess lung cancer risk and the dose delivered to the inhabitants using the local occupancy factor have also been included in this chapter. Chapter 5 deals with the results and discussions about the radon exhalation from the soil, sand and brick samples which were collected from the selected area. Effect of moisture contents on the radon exhalation rate using a closed can technique has also been presented in the chapter. The effect of back diffusion on the radon exhalation has also been studied and included in this chapter. Measurement of the natural radioactivity in the soil and other building materials, 1like sand, brick, marble and cement samples which were collected form the selected area has been dealt with in chapter 6. Research work performed at the University of St., John University USA has been included in chapter 7 and 8. These chapters include experiments performed in the exposure room using the electret ion chambers. Radon concentration in the exposure room was measured using both short term and long term electrets. It also includes the results of the performance factor for the alpha contamination chambers using the electrets as radon progeny dosimeter. Experiments were performed using both short term high sensitivity and long term (low sensitivity) electrets. Development of a new passive thoron progeny dosimeter using the principle of the surface deposition has been discussed in chapter 8. This chapter includes an introduction about the different types of active and passive equipments used for the measurement of thoron. It also discusses the calibrations of different types of active detectors for the measurements of surface deposited activities on the glass surfaces. Finally chapter 9 concludes the present research work and includes future recommendations.
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