پروفیسر عبدالمغنی کی رحلت
۵؍ ستمبر کو اردو کے ممتاز ادیب و نقاد پروفیسر عبدالمغنی اپنے مالک حقیقی سے جاملے، ان کے دماغ پر فالج کا حملہ ہوا تھا، علاج کے لیے پٹنہ کے ایک اسپتال میں داخل کیے گئے تھے، وہیں صبح سات بجے داعی اجل کا پیغام آگیا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ صوبہ بہار کے ضلع اورنگ آباد کے ایک دینی گھر انے میں ۴؍ جنوری ۱۹۳۶ء کو پیدا ہوئے تھے، ان کے والد ماجد مولانا عبدالرؤف اورنگ آبادی ندوی ایک ممتاز عالم تھے جن کے مضامین معارف میں چھپتے تھے اور ایک بھائی پروفیسر اقبال حسین مظفرپور یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو کے صدر رہ چکے ہیں، عبدالمغنی صاحب نے ابتدائی تعلیم اورنگ آباد کے مدرسہ اسلامیہ میں حاصل کی تھی اور یہیں غالباً انہوں نے قرآن مجید بھی حفظ کیا تھا، عربی درسیات کی تکمیل مدرسہ شمس الہدیٰ پٹنہ میں کی تھی، پھر جدید تعلیم کے لیے انگریزی اسکولوں اور کالجوں کا رخ کیا، فراغت کے بعد پٹنہ یونیورسٹی کے کسی کالج میں انگریزی کے استاد ہوگئے، وہ ایک اچھے اور نیک نام استاد تھے، انگریزی میں چند کتابیں بھی لکھیں مگر ان کی اصل تصنیفی زبان اردو تھی، ان کا شمار اردو کے زود نویس اہل قلم اور مصنفین میں ہوتا ہے وہ قلم برداشتہ لکھتے تھے۔
مرحوم کو اپنی مادری زبان اردو سے عشق تھا، علاوہ کثرت تصنیف کے وہ اردو تحریک کے بڑے سرگرم مجاہد بلکہ بہار میں اردو تحریک کے صف اول کے قائد تھے اور مدت دراز تک انجمن ترقی اردو کی بہار شاخ کے صدر تھے، ان کی عملی قوت اور تنظیمی صلاحیت نے بہار کی انجمن ترقی اردو کو بہت متحرک و فعال اور دوسری ریاستی انجمنوں سے زیادہ کارگزار بنا دیا تھا، عبدالمغنی صاحب کی سعی و جاں فشانی سے ۱۹۸۰ء میں سب سے پہلے...
In order to get a vivid picture of Pakistan-Iran relations, the paper delves into the past with Iranian history and Iranian sphere of influence in South Asia. Both South Asia and Iran have ancient historical, cultural and religious ties since the times of the Cyrus the Great to the present. The Persian language and literature particularly the Persian classical poetry have left a great impression on sub-continent’s cultural and educational canvass. Pakistan-Iran border which was drawn by the British in the 1880s, remains still intact. Though the border is a wasteland with little agriculture but on the sea-front both the countries have access to the Strait of Hormuz which is of great strategic importance. Moreover, ethnic Baloch live on both sides of the border and crossborder and trade and livestock is the mainstay of cross-border economy. During the Cold War period, both Pakistan and Iran were subservient to the US policies against the Soviet Union; consequently, both received massive arms and equipment. This paper also indicates that during Mohammed Reza Shah’s time, the relations between Pakistan and Iran were quite friendly but they underwent a change after the Iranian revolution and during General Zia’s time. The main issues have been spelled out up-till 1979 and the minor frictions between the two countries could be managed through diplomacy. External pressures are also influencing the contemporary relations between the two countries and have put Pakistan in a dilemma. Historical and secondary sources have been used for the conduct of the study. Historical research has an important role to play in the Social Sciences. It helps us to understand the present by highlighting the past events.
Today is the age of science and technology. Quality science education is needed to meet the challenges of modern age. Quality of science education depends upon the quality of laboratory environment. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship of science laboratory environment with cognitive learning of science students at secondary school level. The objectives of the study were to, measure the cognitive learning of science students at SSC level, investigate the existing physical environment of chemistry laboratory at secondary school level in Rawalpindi Division, investigate the relationship of science laboratory environment with cognitive learning of students at secondary school level, find out the integration of laboratory activities with theory at secondary school level, explore the ability of the students to recognize already learned information, ideas and principles, indentify the skill of students to translate material from one form to another, identify the skill of the students to apply concepts and laws vi in new situations, investigate the skill of the students to distinguish or classify ideas into component parts and describe the relationship. The population of the study consisted of all science teachers and science students of one thousand and six (1006) male and female students in Rawalpindi division. Through Proportionate sampling population of the study was delimited to three hundred schools, three hundred science teachers and four hundred science students of grade X. For collection of data three research instruments i.e achievement test with respect to cognitive abilities in the subject of chemistry for 400 students of grade X, questionnaire with respect to lab facilities for 300 science teachers, and interview guide for 30 science teachers were developed. Questionnaires were collected with the help of friends and colleagues. For execution of achievement test and interview personal visit were made to sample schools. Reliability of achievement test was found by Cronbach Alpha and reliability and validity of the questionnaire was found with the help of seven education experts. Data were analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics i.e percentage, t-test, chi- square and proportion Z test were used. Analysis of the study revealed that chemistry was being taught in most of the schools by lecture method. A substantial portion of schools had no science laboratories. Existing laboratories were substandard and adequate physical facilities, equipment and consumable items were not available. Practical work and theory were not conducted simultaneously. In girls‟ schools in general and in urban girls‟ schools in particular laboratory facilities were comparatively better available. Performance of urban girls in the achievement test was better than the performance of all other groups. The study reveals that there is positive relationship between laboratory environment and cognitive / academic learning.