72. Al-Jinn/The Jinn
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
72:01
a. Say O The Prophet:
b. It has been revealed onto me that a number of Jinn listened to the recital of this Qur’an.
c. Then they discussed it among themselves and said:
d. ‘We have indeed listened to a Magnificent Recital/Qur’an!’
72:02
a. ‘It guides to what is the right approach to living a life that leads to Allah.
b. So we believe in it.
c. And we will never ascribe anyone to our Rabb - The Lord.’
72:03
a. ‘And Exalted be the Majesty of our Rabb - The Lord,
b. HE has neither ever taken a wife nor ever a son’ – HE has no family.
72:04
a. ‘But the naïve among us have been uttering outrageous lies against Allah,’ which is an enormous falsehood.
72:05
a. ‘And we, in fact, always thought that neither the human nor the jinn would ever utter such
falsehood against Allah.’
72:06
a. ‘But some males from among the human do seek help from males among the jinn, and
b. that only increases them – humankind - in transgression’ and misguidance.
72:07
a. ‘So they thought even as you thought that Allah would never resurrect anyone.’
72:08
a. ‘And we sought to reach out for the higher realms to overhear some news,
b. but found it full of fierce guards and scorching flames/meteors.’
72:09
a. ‘And we sought to sit in places of proximity to the higher realms to listen to the Angels’...
Aim To explore the apparent lack of personal concern for the welfare of others in China? To develop concepts to understand this social phenomena in natural settings using ethnographic and participatory research. Research Question How can the knowledge derived from qualitative research be used to improve the welfare of the poor in Shanghai? Ethics The study was carried out within the guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki. The study was characterised by anonymity, beneficence, non maleficence, and the maintainence of the dignity of participants Method Collection of data. The principle data source was “observation” spot observation”(Baksh 1990)”, participant observation”(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983)vignettes(Finch 1987, Sani Bin Gabi 1990), oral history(narrative) Conclusion The study was conducted ethically. It was a worthwhile study attempted to deal with current problems. The publication of this paper can be used to stimulate further enquiry into the problem of those in need of social welfare in Shanghai and China, in the hope it will improve services where they are needed. Suggested solutions In a country where intergenerational family ties are so strong and “guanxi” exists it is paradoxical there is little empathy for others. Confuscian values, changed family beliefs, and education at school and university may assist in increasing empathy. Learnt conditioning, to ignore or dissociate, from another human being in need of help, can be slowly overcome by implementing universal and improved changes in societal living conditions. This can be achieved by improving social welfare programs, spearheaded by a compassionate government. There is a view that it is an egregious and transparent fiction, to promulgate and publically promote, the philosophies and policies of communism, yet allow these curable social ills to remain. ”Rex ipsa Loquiter”. The healthy should help the sick, the rich should help the poor and the employed should help the unemployed, Proportionately, in accordance with what they have they should give. The promotion of a “ forward thinking, humane, listening and open society, rather than a closed, narrow, opaque, inward looking “weltanschaung” would assist societal reform. We “bystanders”, we must all try to imagine we are in the place of those in need, and feel aas they do, in their situation. We must follow the advice of Mencius (372-289BC) and develop and use “empathy” As Mencius said, ”a developed human heart is the basis of a moral life”
Leishmaniasis a group of parasitic diseases related to a major health problem in Asian sub-continent, Africa and rest of world. New discovery and isolation of drug against different types of leishmaniasis is one of the researcher priorities. This works describes an analytical platform based on a semi-high resolution Antileishmanial bioassays in combination with hyphenation of high performance liquid chromatography, solid phase extraction, and tube-transfer nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. i.e., HPLC-SPE-ttNMR/semi-high resolution Antileishmanial assay. The platform enables fast screening for individual leishmania tropica inhibitory analytes in complex matrices, followed by structural identification targeted these L. tropica inhibitors via in vitro, in vivo and cytotoxic test. The plant Lawsonia Inermis was collected from territory of Dera Ismail Khan. Methanol extracts of plant material at concentrations of 10 - 100 µg/ml were tested for them in vitro anti-leishmanial effects on L. tropica KWH23 promastigotes for 24-48 h, relative to negative control and Amphotericin-B (standard drug). For in vivo anti-leishmanial activity, the extract was tested against L. tropica-infected albino mice, while cytotoxicity was investigated against mammalian cells (lymphocytes). For Lawsonia Inermis leaves, mean % inhibition of extracellular promastigotes at 10 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, and 100 µg/ml after 48 h were 98.2 ± 0.06, 98.75 ± 1.09, 99.31 ± 0.00 and 100.00 ±0.00 respectively. After 8 weeks, mean lesion size decreased from 0.8 ± 0.2mm to 0.3 ± 0.1mm (p < 0.01), and % cure at 150mg/kg against intracellular amastigotes in albino mice was 97.02 (95% C.I = 96.14-98.10). IC50 for Lawsonia Inermis leaves was 12.22 µg/ml (95% C.I = 11.54-13.84) against lymphocytes. The results obtained in this study show that leaves of Lawsonia Inermis are safe and possess potent anti-leishmanial activity. Fractional separation of Lawsonia Inermis leaves was done by applying polarity based solvent system comprised of n-Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Methanol. Phytochemical screening declared that Flavonoids, Coumarins, Phenol and Alkaloids are present in Lawsonia Inermis. Further characterization including identification and evaluation of isolated fractions and compounds was performed via hyphenated HPLC-HRMS-SPE-ttNMR spectroscopic techniques. Active analytes were cumulatively trapped on SPE cartridges and the structures identified by 1H NMR experiments obtained in the HPLC-SPE-ttNMR mode showed six known compounds from the leaves of Lawsonia Inermis; Luteolin (1), Lalioside (2), Luteolin-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), Apigenin 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(4), Apigenin (5) and 2, 4, 6-trihydroxyacetophenone-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6). In vitro results showed that luteolin having IC50 of 4.15 value; eliminate the clinically isolated L. tropica promastigotes within 48 hours which is a promising result against leishmaniasis while Amphotericin-B was the reference drug. Lesions sizes were determined in BALB/c mice when luteolin were given to mice while proceeding in vivo study. After 60 days’ treatment, most of mice in Group I, II, III, IV and V were recovered; lesions of few mice were completely healed at 90th day in same groups. In negative control study, 1 mouse died on 45th day and 2 on 90th day. For compound 1, mean lesion size decreased from 0.82 ± 0.12 up to 0.10 ± 0.01 after 120 days, with 97% cure of intracellular L. tropica amastigotes at dose 15mg/kg, compared to Amphotericin B which had 95% cure at a dose of 30 mg/kg. IC50 for compound 1 was 4.15 µg/ml against lymphocytes. The results indicate that luteolin is a potent inhibitor of L. tropica promastigotes and amastigotes, but it had higher cytotoxic effects against lymphocytes, relative to luteolin-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. To eliminate leishmaniasis through discovery of potent drug, further research work should be done to check the efficacy of luteolin and luteolin-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on dogs. Next step should be monkeys and human beings later on.