۲۰۰۹ء میں جب میں نے سرگودھا یونیورسٹی میں ایم۔ فل اُردو میں داخلہ لیا تو اُسی وقت سے ہی سیالکوٹ کے شعر و ادب کی تاریخ لکھنے کا خیال میرے ذہن میں تھا اور یوں بھی زمانہ طالب علمی سے جب میں مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں بی۔اے کا طالب علم تھا تو میری دلچسپی سیالکوٹ اور اس کے گردو نواح میں تخلیق پانے والے شعر و ادب اور اس علاقے کی تاریخی ،سیاسی ، سماجی و تہذیبی اور جغرافیائی اہمیت سے تھی۔ میں نے جس ماحول میں آنکھ کھولی وہ خطۂ سیالکوٹ کا روایتی ماحول تھا۔ یہ خیال آتا تھا کہ قدیم ترین خطۂ سیالکوٹ میں وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ جو تبدیلیاں رونما ہوئیں اور خاص طور پر جنھوں نے اس علاقے کے شعر و ادب کو متاثر کیا۔ اس کے بارے میں تحقیق ہونی چاہیے۔ اس سلسلے میں سب سے پہلے میں نے ۲۰۱۰ء میں سرگودھا یونیورسٹی میں ایم۔فل اُردو کے لیے تحقیقی مقالے ’’سیالکوٹ میں اُردو شاعری کا ارتقا ۱۹۴۷ء تا ۲۰۰۹ء ‘‘ کا انتخاب کیا۔ اس تحقیقی و تنقیدی مقالے میں شعرائے سیالکوٹ کے سوانحی حالات اور ان کی شاعری کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ لیا گیا ہے۔ اس مقالے میں تشنگی رہہ گئی تھی کیوں کہ اس میں شاعری کی مکمل ادبی تاریخ کا بھی صحیح معنوں میں تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ نہیں لیا گیا تھا۔ ضرورت اس امر کی تھی کہ سیالکوٹ کے شعری ادب کے ساتھ ساتھ نثری ادب کا بھی مکمل طورپر تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ لیا جائے ۔اس عظیم کام کو سر انجام دینے کے لیے تحقیق کار نے ۲۰۱۲ء میں یونیورسٹی آف سرگودھا میں پی۔ایچ ڈی اردو میں داخلہ لیا۔ ۲۰۱۴ء میں یونیورسٹی نے ’’سیالکوٹ میں نقدو ادب کی روایت‘‘ عنوان کے تحت ریسرچ پروپوزل پی ایچ ڈی اُردو مقالے کے لیے منظور...
Psychomotor assessment is characterized by the presence of physical activity and performance skills by students. Unlike the students 'cognitive assessment, psychomotor assessment is based on the actualization and implementation of students' understanding of the various subject matter that has been obtained in the classroom. In some of the subject matter, psychomotor assessment determines the success of a lesson. This article is a literature research. This article aims to find students' psychomotor assessment format in Islamic Religious Education subject matter. The results of this study conclude that the assessment of the success of learners is not only determined from the cognitive aspects, but also from the affective and psychomotor aspects. Standard psychomotor assessment is made different from the cognitive assessment, that is by way of describing the test scores. Psychomotor assessment should be held by direct observation of learners, can not only practiced by written tests.
Datacenters are a critical part of the Internet infrastructure as key enablers of cloud computing and web services like search, social networking, and advertising. Quick response to users is essential as a mere hundred milliseconds may lead to substantial revenue losses and drop in customer traffic. However, bursty traffic with high fan-in, oversubscribed links and constrained switch buffers make this a challenging problem. Current approaches to minimize response times range from arbiter based approaches where senders collectively obey global scheduling decisions, to self-adjusting end-host based approaches where senders independently adjust transmission rate based on network congestion. The former incurs greater overhead compared to the latter, which trades off complexityforsuboptimality. Ourworkseeksamiddleground-optimalityofarbiterbased approaches with the simplicity of self-adjusting end-host based approaches. Our thesis is that rather than having a centralized arbiter schedule flows or the senders making independent scheduling decisions, the receiver can coordinate the various flows destined for it to achieve quick response times. We observe that since the receiver has complete knowledge of the flows destined for it, it can coordinate between theses flows without incurring flow switching costs and the overhead of accessing an arbiter. We demonstrate the advantage of receiver driven flow scheduling by addressing two important problems in datacenter networks. First, we address TCP incast, which is the throughputcollapseassociatedwithseveralparallelflowsoverwhelmingtheswitchbuffers. State-of-the-artsolutionsworkwhenuserrequestsareservedbyrack-localmachines. Nowadays, inter-rack communication is also important. We propose RecFlow, which works in both scenarios. A RecFlow receiver spaces ACKs in order to maintain levels of inflight traffic which prevent switch buffer overflows. It calculates its share of the capacity based on the bottleneck information received using OpenFlow. Using packet level simulations, we show that compared to state-of-the-art, RecFlow achieves up to 6x and 1.5x goodput improvement in the inter-rack and the intra-rack scenario respectively. Next, we seek to minimize the number of missed deadlines. Preemptive Earliest DeadlineFirst(EDF)schedulingisconsideredsuitabletoachievethisobjective. However,stateof-the-art approaches that emulate preemptive EDF rely on global flow scheduling which requires customized hardware or a separate control plane. We propose WARDS, a receiver side scheduler which implements preemptive EDF among its flows, through the use of switch priority queues. By using apriori workload information, we probabilistically promote a small number of nearest deadline flows to the top switch queue, thereby reducing the level of multiplexing between nearest deadline flows and those with deadlines further away. Using packet level simulations, we show that WARDS is able to achieve up to 5x performance improvement over state-of-the-art end-host based solutions.