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Introduction

Introduction

The Divine Promise to the human species at the time of its exit from the heavens – Q.02:38- 39 – was held through ages of human history. It started with Adam, continued through Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Moses, Jesus and culminated with Muhammad. May Allah’s peace and blessings be upon them.

The foundations of Faith are, prima facie, based on the Absolute Supremacy of One Divine Being. The teachings of all Scriptures came from the same Divine Source with the purpose of providing guidance for a life of righteousness within societies along a Straight and Optimal Path
– Qur’an 06:126, 07:16; and The Torah/Proverbs 4:23-27.

The Qur’an is the grand finale of all Divine Revelations and the Ultimate Truth. Allah, The Exalted and The Almighty, guaranteed to preserve its Sacred Arabic Text in its entirety and original form safe from any satanic change – Q.15:09.

Enriched with themes, history, law, images, symbols, language, recitation and a unique literary style – it is a master piece of a revelation that has been bestowed on humanity as a matchless text signifying the very name it carries – Al Kitab – The Book.

As The Qur’an was being revealed on to the last of the Prophets - Prophet Muhammad, in the Arabic language, he would dictate it to his appointed companions to serve as scribes over the 23- year period of its phased-revelation.

The Qur’an contains the narratives of past nations and the events of future generations to facilitate comprehension of the meaning and value of the Qur’anic Message. It also sets out examples and analogies for people so that they may reflect and take heed - Q.39:27. Its message transcends...

سامى اديان ميں طریقہ طلاق

For the development of human society, when male and female get into the bond of marriage, they not only crave for having long lasting relationship but also desire it to be protected and preserved. But sometimes, the state of affairs turn out in such a way that this marital bond is vitictimized by the mutual differences and grow to such an extent that husband and wife end up in divorce. Separation of a married couple is viewed as a dreadful act in any society of the world. However, sometimes a couple is better off without this relation as a result of growing differences. Different religions have suggested different waysin this regard by explaining how husband and wife can lead a detached life. Divorce is an act which breaks the agreement of marriage. Different religions propose different laws and traditions for divorce. In this paper, we will discuss divorce laws and traditions that come under Semitic religions (Judaism,  Christianity, and Islam) in specific.

Predictive Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Her 2 Neu -Erbb2 Amplified Breast Cancer Patients

Worldwide, a major cause of cancer related deaths in females is breast cancer. Aspirin, a member of the NSAID family of drugs has been indicated by several epidemiological studies to lower the risk for breast cancer especially in hormone receptor positive patients. NSAIDs are known to target the cyclooxygenase enzymes. Two isoforms of COX have been described. COX-1 is inherently expressed in most tissues like gastrointestinal tract, kidney, stomach, platelets and is involved in tissue homeostasis. In contrast, COX-2 is stimuli specific and its expression depends on certain extracellular and intracellular stimuli including mitogens, cytokines, tumour proteins, growth factors. COX-2 has been associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis. It has been observed to be overexpressed in many malignant tumours. COX-2 increases the production of prostaglandin, which inhibits apoptosis, promotes angiogenesis, and induces tumour invasion and metastasis. High COX-2 expression is related to the formation of mammary tumours and is associated with parameters of aggressive breast cancer, like advanced tumour size, grade, lymph node metastasis and HER-2 positive status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic and predictive role of COX-2 in breast cancer. One hundred and fifty breast cancer paraffin embedded tissue specimens were screened. The age of patients ranged between 30 and 73 years their mean was 42.71 ± 9.4. This study results showed that frequencies of ER+/PR+/HER-2+ were (50.71%) followed by ER-/PR-/HER-2+ (12.7%) ER+/PR-/HER-2- (9.3%) and ER+/PR-/HER-2+ (8.0%). Increased frequency of high grade tumour was noted in luminal B and HER-2+ breast cancer patients. In addition, comparison between HER-2/neu gene amplified and non-amplified groups showed that high grade tumours and ER negative status were more common in HER-2 amplified group. Furthermore, same 150 tissue specimens from the breast cancer patients’ and 101 healthy controls (total 251 female participants) were screened for the functionally important COX-2 SNPs rs 689465, rs 689466 and rs 20417 in its promoter region. Analysis of rs689465, rs689466 and rs20417 was performed by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. In our study none of these polymorphisms were significantly associated with breast cancer in the single locus analysis. These observations are comparable with other studies that have reported no association of these COX-2 SNPs and breast cancer. However, haplotype G 1195 - A1290 - C 765 (GAC) was found to be associated with breast cancer risk (OR2.90, CI 95% 1.37-6.32 p=0.007). It means that polymorphism in regulatory region of COX-2 may interact in combinational manner. Moreover, GAC was significantly associated with tumour size (OR 5.13, 95% CI 1.140-23.13, p=0.033) and HER-2 status (OR 2.018, 95% CI: 1.061-3.831, p=0.032). In this study, we also observed significant correlation among rs20417CC+GC variants, tumour type (IDC) (P=0.03), ER negativity (P=0.016) and HER-2 positivity (P=0.02), however no association between rs689456, rs689466 and histopathological parameters was observed. On the other hand, in the same breast cancer patients group, in 35 (23%) subjects COX-2 expression was observed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), which showed significant association with HER-2 gene amplification (p = 0.028). In addition, we observed strong association of NF-kB, Akt in 35 HER-2 positive and COX-2 positive breast cancer patients. In summary, we investigated predictive and prognostic role of COX-2, and observed that Akt/NF-kB/COX-2 pathway is an important step in the control of cell survival in HER-2 positive tumour. We suggest that cell signaling mechanisms involving AKT/NF-κB/COX-2 that participates in HER-2 driven suppression of apoptosis requires it to be considered when designing drugs for targeting HER-2 positive tumours.
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