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80. ‘Abasa/looked indifferently

80. ‘Abasa/looked indifferently

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

80:01
a. He contracted his brows - looked indifferently - and turned his face,

80:02
a. when the blind person came to him.

80:03
a. And what made you think that he, being a believer, may ask you and seek to purify himself,

80:04
a. or you would have guided him and he would have heard words of guidance and thus guidance from you would have benefited him.

80:05
a. Now as for the one who showed through his attitude that he had no need of guidance because of his wealth and social status -

80:06
a. and you were attending to him with full attention,

80:07
a. though you will not be answerable if he would not purify himself from disbelief?

80:08
a. But for the blind one who came to you with full of eagerness to learn,

80:09
a. and he was in awe of Allah,

80:10
a. you did not attend to him - you ignored him.

80:11
a. No, do not be so!
b. Indeed, this is a Reminder -

714 Surah 80 * ‘Abasa

80:12
a. So whoever wills, let him pay attention to it - Reminder.

80:13
a. The Qur’an is inscribed in pages of great esteem,

80:14
a. exalted and perfectly purified of any falsehood,

80:15
a. borne by the hands of scriber - angel envoys -

بین الریاستی تعلقات میں اسلام کا تصورِصلح

Foreign policy is one of the wheels with which process of international politics operates. It is not separate from the national policy. It is an important tool to relate the relations to other countries. Foreign policies consist of aims and measures that are intended to guide government decisions and actions with regard to external affairs, particularly relations with foreign countries. Friendly, non-threatening and peace-loving attitude seems to be the hallmarks of most states. Yet on the other hand, there could be some countries that act as hostile and aggressive and there is hardly any world force that can constrain them. A basic and age-old problem of state systems arises from here:  national security. Many states deploy armed forces to deal this particular problem. Usually, states coexist and deal with each other without breaking the internal hegemony. So the main issues of mankind are war and peace. A great emphasis has been put in Islam in the field of international relations. Islam developed a different structure and gave a distinct understanding of international relations. Islam offers a complete handbook on international relations through his teachings. Peace works as root in the relation of countries. Securing the world peace and settling disputes and anarchy are the core aims of Islamic teaching.

E Ffect of C Omplexing a Gents on the P Hotodegradation of R Iboflavin in a Queous S Olution

The present investigation involves a study of the effect of complexing agents, i.e., borate, caffeine and divalent ions (phosphate, sulphate, tartrate, succinate, and malonate) on the photodegradation reactions of riboflavin (RF) in aqueous solutions. RF and its major products of photoreduction, formylmethylflavin (FMF), lumichrome (LC), lumiflavin (LF), and photoaddition, cyclodehydroriboflavin (CDRF), have been determined by a multicomponent spectrophotometric method. In borate buffer (0.1–0.5 M) at pH 8.0–10.5, RF (5 × 10 –5 M) undergoes photolysis by consecutive first-order reactions to yield FMF, LC, LF (major products) and carboxymethylflavin, CMF (minor product). The overall first-order rate constants (k obs ) for the photolysis of RF (1.55–4.36 × 10 –2 min –1 ) and the rate constants for the formation of FMF (1.16–3.52 × 10 –2 min –1 ) and LC (0.24–0.84 × 10 –2 min –1 ) have been determined. The values of all these rate constants decrease with an increase in buffer concentration suggesting the inhibition of the photolysis reaction by borate ions. The kinetic data support the formation of a RF–borate complex involving the ribityl side chain to cause the inhibition of the reaction. The second-order rate constants for the borate inhibited reactions (k ́) range from 1.17–3.94 × 10 –2 M –1 min –1 ). The log k–pH profiles for the reactions at various buffer concentrations indicate a gradual increase in rate, with pH, up to 10 followed by a decrease in rate at pH 10.5 probably due to the ionization of RF and quenching of fluorescence by borate ions (32%). A graph of k ́ against pH is a sigmoid curve showing that the rate of photolysis increases with an increase in pH. The results suggest the involvement of excited singlet state, in addition to excited triplet state, in the formation of LC. ivThe photolysis of RF in the presence of caffeine (0.5–2.5 × 10 –4 M) yields the same products as in the case of borate buffer. The apparent first-order rate constants (k obs ) for the photolysis reactions at pH 2.0–10.5 range from 2.71 × 10 –4 to 4.26 × 10 –2 min –1 . Similar to the effect of borate ions, the values of the rate constants decrease with increasing concentrations of caffeine indicating its inhibitory effect on the reactions. The second-order rate constants (k'') for the photolysis reactions in the presence of caffeine are in the range of 0.13–5.10 × 10 –3 M –1 min –1 . The log k–pH profiles for the photolysis reactions at various caffeine concentrations involve multiple steps indicating a gradual increase in the rate up to pH 10. The lower rates at pH 2.0 and above 10.0 are due to the ionization of RF. The k''–pH profile for the interaction of RF and caffeine represents a bell-shaped curve in the pH range 3–6 followed by a sigmoid curve in the pH range 7–10. The inhibition of RF photolysis in the presence of caffeine appears to be a result of the monomeric interaction and complex formation of RF with caffeine. The photochemical interaction of RF with caffeine suggests that a pH around 6 is most appropriate for the stabilization of the vitamin. At this pH the complex shows the highest stability constant. The photodegradation of RF in the presence of divalent ions (0.2–1.0 M) at pH 6.0–8.0 involves simultaneous photolysis and photoaddition yielding FMF, LC, LF, CMF, and CDRF, respectively, by parallel first-order reactions. The rate–pH curves represent a composite profile for the overall photodegradation of RF by two simultaneous reactions involving changes in the rates of formation of CDRF and LC. The catalytic effect of divalent ions influences the reaction in the order of phosphate > sulphate > tartrate > succinate > malonate to give rise to CDRF. The mode of photodegradation of RF has been explained on the basis of the kinetic data obtained for these reactions.
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