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تدوین کے اصول و ضوابط

یہ بات اظہر من الشمس ہے کہ قدیم کتابوں کے مدونہ مطبوعہ نسخوں کا جب تجزیہ کیا جائے تو یہ بات سامنے آتی ہے کہ ان کتابوں کو صحیح اور مستند انداز میں مدونہ انداز سے نہ پرکھا گیا یعنی مدون حضرات نے اصول تدوین کو پیش نظر نہیں رکھا۔تساہلی اور سستی سے کام لے کر کتاب مرتب کروا کے چھپوا دینے میں عافیت محسوس کی جاتی رہی۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ ایسی کتابوں نے مغالطے پیدا کرنے میں بڑا اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے۔دوسری طرف تنقید کے میدان کے شہسوار بھی اس کا شکار ہو گئے اور یوں تنقیدی مضامین میں غلطیاں وافر در آئیں، ان سے غلط نتائج اخذ کئے گئے لہذا کتاب کا صحیح اور مناسب طور پر مدون ہونا ضروری ہے تاکہ نہ مغالطے پیدا ہوں اور نہ ہی غلطیاں جنم لے سکیں۔
کتابوں کی تدوین جہاں انتہائی جا ں گسل کام ہے، وہاں نہایت ادق اور کٹھن مرحلہ ہے جس کو عبور کرنا ہر نقاد کے بس میں نہیں۔کسی کتاب یا مخطوطے کی تدوین و ترتیب کے لیے کچھ اصول و ضوابط کا لحاض رکھنا بہت ضروری ہے۔ان میں سے کچھ کا تعلق براہ راست مرتب و مدون کی ذات سے اور کچھ کا تعلق مصنف، کاتب اور کتاب کے متن سے ہے۔ امور ذیل کا ذہن میں رکھنا انتہائی ناگزیر ہے:
• کسی مخطوطے کی ترتیب و تدوین میں سب سے پہلی بات مخطوطے کی کیفییت و حالت بتائی جاتی ہے یعنی مخطوطہ مکمل ہے یا ناقص، اگر ناقص ہے تو نقص کہاں ہے ابتداء یا درمیان میں یا آخر میں۔
• کیا مخطوطہ کردہ خوردہ ہے تو اس کا متن کی صحت پر کیا اثر پڑے گا۔
• اگر آبزدہ ہے تو آبزدگی سے متن کہاں تک متاثر ہوسکتا ہے۔
• مخطوطے کا کاغذ کیسا ہے،کتنا خستہ ہے، خستگی یا...

Frequency of depression and anxiety among heart failure patients in a tertiary care hospital of Faisalabad, Pakistan Depression & anxiety among cardiac patients

Heart failure (HF) is a chronic illness with high prevalence and mortality, leading toeconomic burden ofhealth due to prolonged hospital stay and re-admissions. Failure to comprehend the importance of identifying mental illnesses could lead to explanations that why the morbidity and mortality of heart failure patients endure to be very high. Objective: To determine the frequency of anxiety and depression in heart failure patients. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study including 323 CHF patients admitted to the Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology hospital, 250 were males and 73 were females, mean age was 54.1 ± 9.2 years having 70 years as maximum and 25 years as minimum.  Data was collected with the help of HADS questionnaire. Patients were interviewed for assessment of anxiety and depression. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data and for qualitative data frequency and percentageswas calculated. To measure the association of anxiety and depression with age categories and gender, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: The results showed that 43% subjects had <11 score indicating no anxiety, 57% had >11score indicating anxiety. 45% subjects had<11 score indicating no depression, 55% had >11score indicating depression. Conclusions: The study concluded that frequency of depression and anxiety is high in congestive heart failure patients. Strategies are required to assess and diagnose these mental illnesses to establish early treatment which may foster multidisciplinary health care team approach and interventions that address the psychological burden.

A Study of Lexico-Semantical Peculiarities of Translation of the Scientific and Technical Text form Urdu to Russian

A Study of Lexico-Semantical Peculiarities of Translation of the Scientific and Technical Text form Urdu to Russian Translation of scientific and technical text is a multidimensional and multifaceted process determined by the System and norm of the two languages involved. It is not only dependent on the two cultures and the communicative situations, but also directly dependent on the referential situation and the functional parameters, of the source / target text. The process of translation is not only a speech act, but also an act of cross-cultural communication and this fact is borne out by the interdisciplinary status of translation studies and its close link with contrastive and text-linguistics; socio and psycholinguistics and semiotics. The 21st century witnessed the emergence of scientific and technical translation as an independent field of study on the international level. The Intercultural and Intercontinental communications made it mandatory for human beings to understand scientific, technical and environmental issues in the world, and to leave their cocoons behind. It only served to underscore the significance that translation studies was to hold in the times to come. There is hardly a Translator or an Interpreter today who has not to deal with translation of scientific and technical materials. Translation of technical text puts a premium on the translator's knowledge of the subject-matter of Source Text. He must take great pains to get familiar with the system of terms in the appropriate field and make good use of technical dictionaries and other books of reference. When new words come into being to denote news object or phenomena, they naturally cannot have regular equivalents in another language. Such equivalents may only gradually evolve as the result of extensive contacts between the two nations. Therefore the translator coming across a new coinage has to interpret its meaning and to choose the appropriate way of rendering it in his translation. It has been observed that many phenomenon, words and terminologies of Urdu language have no regular equivalents, and a number of techniques has been suggested for transformation of such units of translation in Russian. New words are coined in the language to give names to new objects, or phenomena which become known to the people. Thus, research has been conducted in the background of the ever changing in scientific and technological scenario. The fast-track changes and rapid breakthrough in almost all fields in science and technology has made it mandatory for technical and scientific texts to translate into languages, other than the one in which the study or work has been conducted. Selecting this area to work in, the researcher has tried to focus on the problems encountered during the translation of technical and scientific texts from Urdu into Russian. The researcher is seemed mindful of the magnitude of the task, and has therefore delimited the study to focusing on the lexico-semantic peculiarities of translation of scientific and technical text from Urdu into Russian. Russian and Urdu are difficult languages to learn/teach, yet the geographical proximity has made it important for learners and teachers to recognize and identify the issues involved in translating the text. The major problems, in rendering Urdu scientific/technical texts into Russian, lie in the domain of lexico-semantics. Thus, the researcher has made a comparison of the two languages. But in keeping with the nature of the study, has focused only on the major differences — the foremost being the fact that Urdu lexicon suffers from a dearth of scientific and technical terminology. These and other points have been discussed in detail in this study. The parameters of the research demand a theoretical framework, and this has been discussed in the preliminary chapters — 1 & 2. Chapter 3 comprises general scientific and technical lexicon; word- building; structure and features of translation of terminological units and ways of translating multi- component terms etc. Chapter 4 deals with the fundamentals of translation, focusing on the contrastive analysis of translation material. The concluding chapter gives the findings and recommends that the study be used to further explore and exploit the Russian market, in order to give a boost to our economy. This study discusses translation studies, from a variety of perspectives and not merely the pedagogical aspects. The nature of the research combined with the significance of the language in the global scenario, makes this study the first of its kind, and the researcher, without idle boasting, is hopeful that he has begun to set a new trend in Pakistan. Hopefully, this study would be utilized to its utmost and in the spirit in which it has been conducted.
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