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قلعہ ایوبی

قلعہ ایوبی

قاہرہ میں ایک جگہ اسلامی تاریخ کی تین بڑی مساجد اور قلعہ ہے چونکہ یہ جگہ شہر سے اونچائی پر واقع ہے اس لیے اگر باقی شہر کو تماشا گاہ یا اسٹیج تصور کیا جائے تو یہ جگہ بالکونی کہلائے گی ۔یہاں قلعہ سلطان صلاح الدین ایوبی ،مسجد علی مملوکی ،مسجد رفاعی اور مسجد سلطان حسن کی خوب صورت عمارات دیکھنے والوں کی آنکھوں اور ذہن و فکر کو خیرہ کرتی ہیں۔قلعہ ایوبی عظیم سپہ سالار سلطا ن صلاح الدین ایوبی نے گیارہ سو چھہتر سے گیارہ سو تراسی عیسوی میں شہر کو عیسائی حملہ آوروں سے بچانے کے لیے قاہرہ شہر کے قلب میں بنایا تھا ۔مسافر نے دکتو ر محمود سے اس قلعہ کی اہمیت کے بارے میں پوچھا تو کہنے لگے قاہرہ شہر اور یہاں کے باسیوں پر سلطان صلاح الدین ایوبی کے بہت سے احسانات ہیں۔ اس شہر اور اہلِ شہر کو صلیبی جنگوں میں یورش پسندوں اور ان کی یلغاروں سے بچانے میں اس قلعہ کا بہت بڑا کردار ہے ۔مصری حکمرانوں نے تقریباََ سات صدیوں تک اس قلعہ سے اہلِ قاہرہ کی حفاظت کی ہے ۔

قلعہ ایوبی کی دیواریں دس میٹر لمبی اور تین میٹر چوڑی ہیں ۔خود سلطان صلاح الدین ایوبی نے اس قلعہ کے اندر ایک گھر ایک مسجد اور ایک لائبریری بنوائی تھی ۔مسافر کو صلاح الدین ایوبی کی یہ تعمیرات اچھی لگیں فرزندانِ تثلیث کے خلاف جنگ کر نے والے جرنیل کو جسمانی لحاظ سے پر سکون رہنے کے لیے ایک محفوظ گھر قلبی سکون کے لیے ایک مسجد اور ذہنی سکون کے لیے ایک لائبریری سے بہتر انتخاب کیا ہو سکتا ہے ۔بلاشبہ دنیا کی امامت جس کو درپیش ہو وہ ان تین جگہوںکے بغیر نامکمل اور منتشر شخصیت کا مالک ہو گا ۔ قلعہ تو اپنی...

Problems and Challenges to English Language in Madaris of Pakistan

Language is a communication tool to impart education at every level that is why different languages are taught for this purpose. In Madaris of Pakistan, Arabic is commonly taught as it is the language of basic Islamic sources i.e. The Holy Quran and Hadith. This paper will basically try to understand the learning of English as a language is not given importance, although it is very essential nowadays but besides this, it faces many problems and challenges in religious Madaris of Pakistan. Many factors are involved in this situation. In modern world, English language specially can be very helpful to the purposes of these Madaris. Learning of English language will help to impart, propagate and defend the message of Islam on a larger and wider scale. One can use it for da’wah and calling others to Allah. But some elements of Madaris are not well informed about to this fact that they have not such a larger vision to understand and absorb the facts. On the other side, supporters of teaching English language in Madaris are unluckily blind to the positive, historic, reformative role of Madaris. This situation is creating misunderstandings and these bodies are seen opponents while they must be supporting to each other. This article reviews the challenges and the problem and challenges to English language in Madaris as well as how to bridge the chasm created between the two schools of thought.

Potential of Microbial Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth Against Three Coleopterous Insect Pests of Stored Grains under Different Abiotic Conditions

Sitophilus granarius (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) are the damaging insect pests of cereals and their commodities and are able to cause significant losses. Current research was performed to evaluate the lethal and progeny inhibition effect of microbial-based insecticides i.e entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana as well as bacterial based insecticides (spinetoram and abamectin) solitary andwith combination of two formulations of diatomaceous-earth (DE) against S. granarius, O. surinamensis and R. dominica. Three concentrations (1x108, 1.5x108 and 2x108 spores/kg grain) of each EPF were used while for bacterial based insecticides concentrations were 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5ppm. Similarly, for diatomaceous earth, three different doses (200, 400 and 800 ppm) of every formulation were applied. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with three repetitions of all treatments. Mortality of test insects was recorded after 7, 14 and 21 days while after 60 days for post-treatment progeny build up. Each bioassay was performed at three levels of temperature (25°, 30° and 35°C) and relative humidity (r.h.; 45, 60 and 75%). Collected statistics were examined with applicable statistical methods using R-Software.The data analyses had shown diversified results regarding test insect susceptibility at different abiotic conditions. In case of Bacterial based insecticides, the response of treatment remained best at high temperature and low r.h. for all test insects. Complete control was achieved after 14 days for S. granarius and R. dominica while for O. surinamensis 100% mortality was not attained even after 21-d of exposure period. Progeny production was remained totally suppressed for S. granarius and R. dominica while in case of O. surinamensis there was significant reproduction at some abiotic conditions with maximum production at temperature of 30°C with 75% r.h. The response of-D.E against test insects was also effective and the most vulnerable species was O. surinamensis followed by S. granarius and R. dominica. It was observed that high temperature, low r.h. levels, higher dosages and long exposure periods increased the efficacy of DEs. Regarding progeny production, low temperature and high humidity remained most favourable for progeny emergence in DE-treated grains. The effects of EPF remained somewhat similar to the response of DE but overall mortality was low. Among tested species of insects R. dominica remained most susceptible to the application of EPF followed by O. surinamensis and S. granarius. The best abiotic condition for B. bassiana was low temperature (25°C) and moderate (60%) humidity while for M. anisopliae moderate temperature (30°C) and moderate (60%) humidity remained suitable at which maximum response was attained. Long exposure intervals and higher dose rates increased the mortality in each case. In the case of progeny development, the emergence of offspring was suppressed at moderate and low temperature for M. anisopliae and B. bassiana respectively with moderate r.h. When DE was applied in combination with the microbial insecticides, a synergistic effect was noticed in all combinations and R. dominica and S. granarius remained more susceptible as compared to O. surinamensis. The response of abiotic condition was significant for combination of DE and EPF while for DE and bacterial based insecticide it was non-significant. The results of the study divulge that all applied microbial based insecticides and DE are very effective for the control of these test insects and different abiotic conditions are responsible for affecting their efficacy. Furthermore, the combinations of these microbial insecticides with DE have a synergistic response against test insects. This study also recommends that attention should be paid to the interaction of abiotic factors with the efficacy of DE and microbial insecticides before planning IPM strategy for stored grain insect pests.
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