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ہو گیا گر کام پھر دشوار تو
ہم تو جی لیں گے اکیلے ہی مگر
ہم تو کر لیں گے سرِ تسلیم خم
سب اشارے ہیں ہماری ہی طرف
ہار مانیں گے نہ دشمن سے کبھی
چھُوٹ کر زنداں سے آ ہی جائیں گے
امن کا امکان کیا ہے وارثی
آپ ہی ٹھہرے جو ذمہ دار تو
تیرا جینا ہو گیا دشوار تو
ان کی جانب سے ہوا انکار تو
فیصلہ الٹا ہوا سرکار تو
دوستوں نے کر دیا گر وار تو
لے گئے اپنے ہی سوئے دار تو
فیصلے کرنے لگے تلوار تو
Impact of Women Empowerment on Fertility Preferences in Pakistan
Reproduction is an important aspect of a women's life, unfortunately in Pakistan fertility rates are quite high in comparison to other developing countries as well as in comparison to the other South Asian countries. Different studies have suggested that women empowerment can help reduce fertility rates. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of women empowerment along with other socioeconomic indicators on three different dimensions of the fertility behavior i.e. Number of children born (current fertility status), ideal number of children and birth intervals (future fertility status. Data of Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13 has been used. The analysis consists of two levels, at level one a descriptive analysis is carried out. As three different aspects of fertility are the count data. Therefore at the next stage models will be estimated by using poison regression technique and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) are reported. It has been found that women’s being empowered in financial matters, seeking health care and in household decision making are helpful in reducing fertility. Furthermore, participation in job by women, living in urban areas, having secondary or higher education, access to awareness created by the media, married at higher age are also significant factors in reducing fertility. However, women facing incidence of miscarriage or death of a child tends to increase the fertility. Study had found that wealth of the household, education of husband and having sons have very limited role on the fertility behavior.E-Cycles of Developing Mathematical Thinking
This is a report on an action research I carried out at a private high school in Karachi, Pakistan. The essence of the study was to explore ‘how the use of computer software - Microsoft Excel spreadsheets – contributes towards the development of Mathematical thinking (DMT).’ In this research, I played the role of the researcher as well as the teacher focusing on students DMT. I found that the action research processes were overlapping with the four cycles of teaching and learning, that is; elicitation, exploration, employment and evaluation. Key findings of the study show that Excel enabled DMT through motivating the learners, reducing the tedium and drudgery, creating ‘microworlds’ where students could model mathematical solutions, by allowing students to extend their ideas further than a given question and by fostering an environment of reflection and metacognition. However, there were also certain issues with the use of Excel. Some of the problems students faced were; having to cope with a large number of instructions, using graphing facilities to create relevant graphs, and their lack of familiarity and practice in the use of Excel in general. The study also raises other issues, such as the role of a teacher in a computer-based environment and the nature of task design that fosters the efficient learning through the use of a computer software. The study how also raises an important point about the place of a school’s existing culture in introducing the use of computer software in classroom teaching and learning.Journals by Discipline
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