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اور جہاز پھٹ گیا

اور جہاز پھٹ گیا

پہلی اورآخری بار غلام اسحاق خان اچھا لگا اور جہاز پھٹ گیا کی وجہ سے میری رہائی جو 2009ء میں 25سال بعد ہو نی تھی ۔1988میں ہو گئی ۔

17August1988

ہم لوگ اڈیالہ جیل راولپنڈی میںتھے جیل کی گنتی بند ہو چکی تھی کہ اچانک جیل کے اندر عام قیدیوں کے نعروں کی آواز گو نجنے لگی ۔میں جیل کی ڈیوٹی پر موجود سپاہی سے پوچھا کہ کیا ہوا ہے ۔ اس نے کہا اڑتی اڑتی خبر آئی ہے کہ جنرل ضیاء الحق کا جہاز کریش ہو گیا ہے پاکستانی خبریں تو ہم کم ہی سنتے تھے اس دن ریڈیو لگایا تو جنرل ضیاء الحق کے مرنے کی خبر تھی ۔کانوںکو یقین نہیں آ رہا تھا ۔ مجھے اپنی ماںیاد آ گئی جب میری سزائے موت عمر قید میں تبدیل ہو ئی تو وہ مٹھائی لے کر آئیں میںنے کہا مجھے 25سال سزا ہو ئی ہے وہ بولیں کہ زندگی بچ گئی اب مجھے پتہ ہے کہ جب تک جنرل ضیاہے تم جیل میں ہو ۔ہزاروں مائوں کی سنی گئی ۔دسمبر 88میں محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو شہید کی حکومت بننے کے بعد پاکستان بھر کی جیلوں میں موجود ہزاروں سیاسی قیدی رہا ہوئے وگرنہ میری رہائی مارچ 2009ء میں 25سال بعد ہو نی تھی ۔

 

المشترك الإنساني بين الأديان والثقافات والحضارات: دراسة في ضوء قيم التعايش والتسامح والتساكن

يتناول هذا البحث موضوع الحوار والتواصل الحضاري ودوره في التأسيس لثقافة العيش المشترك في عالم متعدد الأديان والثقافات والحضارات، ونطمح من خلال ذلك إلى التأكيد على مشروعية دعوى الحوار والتعارف الحضاريين حتى وإن كنا في زمن يعج بالحروب ذات الخلفية الدينية والسياسية، فالسبيل الوحيد للعيش المشترك إنما يكمن في الحوار والتواصل لفهم الآخر والتفاهم معه. غير أن تفاؤلنا بنجاح الحوار بين الحضارات والثقافات، لا يمكن أن يجعلنا نغفل عن الصعوبات الواقعية العديدة التي تعترضه، خاصة تلك النزعة المتنامية للحرب بشتى أنواعها والهوس المفرط بالتسلح والنظرة الخاطئة للآخر. وعليه فإن الحوار والتواصل الحضاري يتطلب مزيدا من العمل الفكري والميداني من قبل الباحثين لتوسيع ظاهرة الإعتدال والتسامح في العالم، ويحتاج إلى الدبلوماسية الثقافية الموازية أو ما يسمى ب: "ثقافة نشر السلام"، وكثيرا من الجرأة في اتخاذ المواقف والقرارات من طرف الطبقة السياسية الحاكمة.

Improving Cotton Productivity by Plant Growth Retardant and Boron Application

Studies on plant growth regulation and boron (B) nutrition for improving earliness, productivity, quality and nutrient dynamics of cotton were conducted in two field experiment at Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2014 and 2015, and two pot experiments at Agro-Biology Lab Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2015 and 2016. In first field experiment the treatments were two planting densities (55333 and 88888 plants ha-1 maintained by varying the plant spacing i.e. 25 and 15 cm, respectively), foliar application of mepiquat chloride solution (0 and 70 ppm at squarin=-g and flowering stage) and foliar application of B solution (0, 600 and 1200 ppm). In second field experiment treatments were foliar application of mepiquat chloride solution (0 and 70 ppm at squaring and flowering stage) and soil application of B (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 kg ha-1). Water was sprayed as control in both experiments. In pot experiments seed obtained from both field experiments was used for a soil bioassay to determine the effect of maternal B nutrition, growth regulation and planting density induced changes on progeny performance in terms of emergence and seedling growth. The results revealed that plant growth and development was improved by B nutrition through foliar and/or soil application while decreased by mepiquat chloride. However, taller plants with lesser monopodial and sympodial branches were produced at higher planting density. Application of B, mepiquat chloride and increasing planting density enhanced the earliness and production rate index. Moreover, dry matter partitioning to reproductive structures was increased by foliar and/or soil application of B and foliar application of mepiquat chloride. Total dry matter production as well as dry matter partitioning to reproductive structures was enhanced at higher planting density. Seed cotton, lint and cotton seed yield was improved interactively by foliar and/or soil applied B and mepiquat chloride application by improving the number of bolls and boll weight. Likewise, increasing the planting density produced higher yield by increasing the boll density; while, foliar applied B significantly interacted with planting density in this regard. Some of the fiber quality attributes were improved by B, decreased by higher planting density while did not affect by mepiquat chloride application. However, the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids was improved synergistically by foliar and /or soil applied B and foliar applied mepiquat chloride but decreased by increasing the planting density. Oil and protein yield was increased by application of B and mepiquat chloride, as well as increasing the planting density. Moreover, uptake and translocation of nutrients (N, P, K, B, Zn and Fe except Mn), nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and critical value of B was improved by B and mepiquat chloride. Mepiquat chloride application significantly interacted with B in improving the leaf and seed B contents. However, increasing the planting density decreased the leaf and seed nutrient contents, and critical value of B, while, increased the NUE. It was observed that earliness, yield, photosynthetic pigments, nutritional quality as well as nutrient uptake and translocation was enhanced by increasing the B dosage (both foliar and soil application) and mepiquat chloride application at squaring stage. Furthermore, economic analysis also revealed that higher profits and benefit cost ratio was obtained by foliar application 1200 ppm B solution in combination with mepiquat chloride (squaring stage) at higher planting density as well as application of 2.5 kg B ha-1 in combination with mepiquat chloride (squaring stage). The soil bioassays showed that the application of both foliar as well as soil fed B and mepiquat chloride application on maternal cotton plants improved the emergence, seedling vigour and biomass accumulation in offspring; while, sowing of maternal plants at higher planting density imposed a negative effect on these traits.
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