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تخلیق، تحقیق اور تنقید کا باہمی رشتہ

موضوع6:تخلیق، تحقیق اور تنقید کا باہمی تعلق
ادب:
• ادب ایک علمی اصطلاح ہے جو نظمیہ اور نثری ادب کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔
• جذبات کی دلکش موسیقی کا نام ہے۔
• محسوسات و تخیل کا دل نشین رقص ادب ہے۔
ڈاکٹر طہ حسین کے مطابق:
"ادب عربی زبان سے آیا ہے۔ اس کے معنی دعوت کا بلاوا ہے۔ یہ عربی کا ایک لفظ داب ہے جس کی جمع اداب ہے۔اداب بعد میں آداب بن گیا جس کے معانی عادت، ورثہ اور عمل کا طریقہ کے ہیں۔قدیم عربی کے قریشی لہجے میں ادب کا لفظ شامل نہیں تھا۔یہ لفظ پہلی صدی ہجری کے بعد عربی لغت میں شامل ہوا۔بنو امیہ کے دور میں یہ لفظ تعلیم کے معنوں میں استعمال کیا گیا۔اس زمانے میں ادب سے مراد روایت کے ذریعے پڑھانا تھا۔بنو عباس کے دور میں ادب کے مفہوم میں تنگی پیدا ہوئی اوراس سے کم و بیش وہ معنی لئے گئے جو انگریزی میں لٹریچر سے لئے جاتے ہیں۔"
عقل و شعور کے تحرک اور حسن وجمال کے دل پھینک لطیف عمل کا نام ادب ہے۔ادب انسانی محسوسات کا دانشمندانہ اور فنکارانہ اظہار ہے۔یہ اظہار ان لوگوں کے قلم سے ہوتا ہے جو زندگی کے دو پہلو دکھوں ومصیبتوں اور خوشیوں ومسرتوںکا اجتماعی حالات میں انفرادی تجزیہ کرتے ہیں۔قلم سے وہ لوگ جو زندگی کے دکھ سکھ، خوشیاں غمیوں میں زندگی کے اجتماعی حالات کاانفرادی تجزیہ کرتے ہیں انہیں ادیب کہتے ہیں۔ادبی تخلیق، تحقیق اور تنقید ایک بے حد مضبوط اور مستحکم مثلٹ ہے۔آپس میں ان کے ربط میں ہی سماج کی بقاء ہے۔
تحقیق:
• سچائی یا حقیقت کی تلاش کا نام تحقیق ہے۔
• تحقیق یقین یا تصدیق کرنے کو کہتے ہیں۔
• تحقیق کے ذریعے کسی امر کو اس کی اصل شکل میں دیکھنا مقصود ہوتا ہے۔
• ادبی تخلیق سماج...

Islamic Perception of Freedom of Expression: An Exploration of Islamic Thought

Islam considers freedom of expression, speech and thought as an imperative human right and liberty. Primary Islamic sources, as the Holy Quran, Hadith and Seerah of the beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and Islamic jurisprudence discuss its principles parameters and boundaries comprehensively. There are many verses of the Quran, ?h?d?th of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and many terms of Islamic Fiqh, which guide us to describe the freedom of expression, its meanings, significance, principles and limits. Islamic scholars of different fields define the freedom of expression in different ways. It’s also observed during exploration in Islamic and Western perspectives, there is no specific and agreed upon definition of freedom of expression. Some scholars try to define it according to their own interest and requirement, but they can’t make an agreement on its definition. So, there is found a variety of definitions of freedom of expression in academic discourse. Different Islamic scholars mention different definitions due to its being a modern term. In this study efforts are made to elaborate Islamic concept of freedom of expression, thought and speech in modern context. It’s concluded, the Islamic teachings give all kind of freedom and rights to human being but their limits and boundaries are different from Western thought.

Genetic Response of Citrus Rootstocks Against Selected Abiotic Stresses

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period. Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes and effect in number of ways. Pakistan has long spells of drought which, experts believe, are a result of climate change. Citrus fruits are one of the largest fruit crops in the world. In Pakistan ample availability of natural resources provides the favorable regime for the development of citrus industry. Citrus problem faces several problems including biotic and abiotic stresses. Role of rootstocks in citrus is one of the most debatable and discussed issues and its selection is a major consideration under planning any citrus orchard. Present research was planned for genetic characterization and evaluation of modern rootstocks tolerant/resistant to selected abiotic stresses i.e., drought and high temperature. Experiments were conducted to screen out various modern citrus rootstocks including local commercial rootstocks (Rough lemon and Sour orange) against high temperature and water stress. Drought was induced based on field capacity of citrus rootstock relative to water requirement of citrus, high temperature stress was applied with relative to five years maximum temperature range. Four-month-old uniform seedlings were selected for the stress treatments. Gas exchange parameters were recorded at four different times. Horticultural parameters, plant water status and chlorophyll fluorescence at different wavelength was recorded of stresses. From overall results it was concluded that Brazilian sour orange and Keen sour orange showed tolerance against selected stresses and Savage citrange and Yuma citrange were susceptible against the stresses. For the confirmation of tolerance, expression of stress related genes was tested. Proper detailed bioinformatic analysis were performed for the selection of primer related to heat shock protein and major intrinsic proteins. One tolerant (Brazilian sour orange) and one susceptible (Savage citrange) was selected for the genetic expression analysis against the heat shock proteins (CsHsp70, CsHsp70.1 and CsHsp90) and major intrinsic proteins (CsPIP2, CsTIP2 and CsTIP1). Genetic expression of genes showed Brazilian sour orange with high expression level of Hsp70 and Hsp90 against the temperature stress. MIP such as P1P and T1P depicted high expression against the water stress and both Hsp and MIP expression under combined drought and temperature stress. It can be concluded from the study that Brazilian sour orange was tolerant against high temperature and water stress, but Savage orange was susceptible.
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