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پنڈی کے کوفے سے میں سندھ مدینے آئی ہوں

پنڈی کے کوفے سے
میں سندھ مدینے آئی ہوں
مت پوچھو کیا کھو آئی ہوں
مت پوچھومیں کیا لائی ہوں
کچھ منظر ہیں کچھ یادیں ہیں
کچھ آنسو ہیں کچھ فریادیں ہیں
کچھ لمحوں کی سوغاتیں ہیں
کچھ گھڑیوں کی رودادیں ہیں
کچھ سنگ زادوں کے تحفے ہیں
جو کچھ بھی ملا لے آئی ہوں
زینب کے خطبات کا صدقہ
شبیرسے مانگ کے لائی ہوں

 

The Musharraf Formula (Back Channel Formula) and the Resolution of the Kashmir Conflict

The Musharraf formula refers to the resolution formula of the Kashmir conflict which was reportedly agreed upon during the one-to-one backchannel dialogue between Mr. Tariq Aziz, the former civil servant and close aide of the then President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf and Mr. Satinder Lambah, a special envoy of the Prime Minister of India. We now know some of the details of this formula from the article of the American journalist, Steve Coll which he had published in New Yorker in March 2009 and the book of Mr. Khursheed Mahmud Kasuri, Neither a Hawk, Now a Dove which was published in 2015. Prior to this Mr. Musharraf and Mr. Kasuri had already claimed in their TV interviews and press talks that by March 2007 India and Pakistan were very close to resolving the Kashmir conflict. This paper takes the details of that non-paper agreement and tries to study what exactly that agreement holds for the future resolution of the Kashmir conflict. The basic understanding is whenever the Pakistani and the Indian governments will take up the negotiations on the Kashmir conflict in future, this agreement is bound to come up in the talks as a starting reference point. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully look at this agreement and discuss what it entails for the resolution of the Kashmir conflict.

Evolution of the Universe and Dark Energy Mystery

We study the evolving universe in the presence of dark energy via different well-known cosmological parameters. Firstly, we consider interacting new holographic dark energy model with cold dark matter in non-flat FRW uni- verse. We obtain the equation of state parameter which represents the evo- lution of the universe from vacuum dark energy region towards quintessence region for particular values of the constant parameters. It is found that this model always remains unstable against small perturbations. The correspon- dence of this model with quintessence, tachyon, k-essence and dilaton scalar field models is also established. The dynamics of scalar fields and potentials provide consistent behavior with the accelerated expansion of the universe. We also consider interacting generalized holographic dark energy with cold dark matter in non-flat universe. We find that the deceleration parameter lies in the accelerated expansion phase of the universe and the equation of state parameter provides quintom like nature. This dark energy model is stable against small perturbations for specific range of constant parame- ters. It is found that the quintessence and tachyon potentials correspond to scaling solutions. Secondly, the pilgrim dark energy phenomenon is explored by choosing three cutoffs such as Hubble as well as event horizon and conformal age of the universe in flat universe. We study the pilgrim dark energy which plays an effective role on the equation of state parameter for exploring phantom region of the universe. The freezing region is found in the ω Λ − ω Λ plane and the ΛCDM is achieved in the statefinders plane for all three models of pilgrim dark energy. The conjecture of pilgrim dark energy is also studied by xixii assuming the apparent and event horizons in non-flat universe and develop ω Λ − ω Λ as well as r − s plane. It is interesting to mention here that the pilgrim dark energy with event horizon yields phantom region for all cases of d 2 with u < 0. For these models, ω Λ − ω Λ plane provides the thawing as well as freezing region and ΛCDM limit. The r − s plane shows the correspondence with different models such as quintessence and phantom dark energy, ΛCDM and chaplygin gas. Also, we investigate the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics with event horizon in flat as well as non-flat universe. Finally, we consider the modified holographic dark energy interacting with cold dark matter with varying G in flat and non-flat Kaluza-Klein universes. For this dark energy model, we assume event horizon as an infrared cutoff scale. We discuss the equation of state parameter and check the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics. In non-flat Kaluza-Klein case, we investigate the s−r plane in which the corresponding curves meet the limit of ΛCDM model .
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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