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مو لانا آزاد سبحانی

مولانا آزاد سجانی
دوسرا حادثہ مولانا آزاد سبحانی کی وفات کا ہے، نئی پود کو کیا معلوم کہ ایک زمانہ میں مولانا کتنی بڑی شخصیت رکھتے تھے، اگر ان کے دل و دماغ میں توازن اور خیالات و عمل میں استقلال ہوتا تو ہندوستان کے چوٹی کے علماء اور لیڈروں میں ان کا شمار ہوتا، وہ بڑے ذہین اور وسیع النظر عالم معقولات کے ماہر اور سحربیان خطیب تھے، ان کی تقریر خطابت اور منطق کا مرقع ہوتی تھی، ایک زمانہ میں مدرسہ الٰہیات کانپور کے روح رواں اور مسجد کانپور کے واقعہ کے ہیرو تھے، ہندوستان کی جنگ آزادی میں بھی ان کا حصہ ہے تحریک ترک موالات میں اور اس کے بعد بھی کچھ دنوں تک گاندھی جی کے رفیق کار اور کانگریس کے سرگرم رکن رہے، مگر ان میں استقلال نہ تھا، کسی مسلک پر زیادہ دنوں تک قائم نہ رہتے تھے اور عجیب عجیب تحریکیں اختراع کرتے تھے، ادھر کئی سال سے اسلامی کمیونزم اور حکومت ربانی کے مبلغ بن گئے تھے اور اس پر ایک کتاب بھی لکھی تھی، مگر کسی تحریک کو عرصہ تک نہ چلا سکے اور سب کا خاتمہ ناکامی پر ہوا، ادھر عرصہ سے سب جماعتوں سے الگ ہوگئے تھے اور ان کی زندگی کا آخری دور گمنانی میں بسر ہوا، مگر اس حال میں بھی جب کہ بڑی شکستہ حالت میں حکومت ربانی کی تبلیغ کرتے پھرتے تھے جب کسی مسئلہ پر گفتگو کرتے تھے تو معلوم ہوتا تھا کہ کوئی بڑا مفکر اور فلسفی بول رہا ہے، ان کی خاموش موت دنیاوی شہرت کی بے ثباتی کا سبق آموز واقعہ ہے ایک زمانہ میں جس کی خطابت کی سارے ہندوستان میں دھوم تھی، اس کی موت کو اخبارات نے ایک معمولی واقعہ سے زیادہ اہمیت نہ دی اور بہتوں کو اس کی خبر بھی نہ ہونے...

آلودہ پانی کی مروجہ تحلیل و تطہیر کا سائنسی و شرعی جائزہ

Water symbolizes life on the earth. All kinds of existence depend on water. Allah has created great reservoirs of water on this earth which cater to the needs of all living beings, but human negligence is making these resources polluted. Pollution not only poses threats to human life, it also endangers marine life and resources. These threats have been increased manifold by industrial revolution and increasing human population. The same factors are also responsible for the increased use of water. Many countries have employed distillation processes to provide clean water for the increasing demands of population, agriculture and industries. Islamic jurisprudence also takes into account different types of water, some of which can be used in cleansing rituals for worship, while some cannot be used. The question arises whether the purified water by scientific process will be "Ṭahir & Muṭṭahir" and can be used for ablution and other Islamic rituals? Will Islamic Jurist accept it as "Istiḥalah"? The following study will outline the details of distilled water to see whether it can be used for daily chores and ablution rituals or not.

Post-Atc Impacts on Product-Intensive and Product-Extensive Trade Margins of Textiles and Clothing: the Case of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh

Numerous ex-ante and ex-post studies have been conducted to assess the impact of the abolition of Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) on textiles and clothing (T&C) exports. The purpose of the present study is to examine how the dismantling of ATC, which may have led to lower trade cost due to economies of scale, has influenced the two margins of trade, product-intensive and product-extensive margins, for regional competitors in South-Asia, i.e. Pakistan, India and Bangladesh (P.I.B) in its two major destination markets, the EU and the USA. This is achieved by decomposing total export growth in T&C into product-intensive and extensive margins, and determining which of the two margins has been dominant for South Asian T&C exporters. The implications arising from the study may be useful in policy analysis for T&C sector aimed at diversification in sectoral exports, and may also aid in identifying and effectively targeting sub-sectors in T&C. The assessment is also carried out at sub-sectoral level, Textiles (HS Chapters 50 to 60), and Clothing (HS Chapters 61 to 63). To define trade margins, the study utilizes the definition employed by Kehoe and Ruhl (2013). Their study uses country variant cut-off trade value to classify traded goods into old products (product-intensive) and new/least-traded products (product-extensive). They argue that non-traded goods should be defined taking into account the size of countries. Since sizes of countries differ, the relative importance of the goods they trade also differs. This technique eliminates the invariant cut-off limitation that biases small countries toward export concentration. This study employs this definition only for the pre-ATC period (2003-05). First, the average exports of 695 T&C product lines in pre-ATC period (2003-05) were arranged in ascending order. For each exporter, the products that comprised only 5% of total average exports were then filtered and identified as new/least-traded lines. The remaining products were identified as old product lines. An augmented gravity equation is estimated separately for total T&C exports, product-intensive and product-extensive T&C exports, at the sectoral and sub-sectoral levels, and for combined destination markets (EU and USA), and then for separately for each destination market, using three estimating techniques: Pooled OLS, Fixed Effect and Tobit models. The following main findings emerge after an empirical exercise:- It shows the effect of effect of quota removal via ATC dismantling is mainly on the extensive margin rather than the intensive margin. Generally, as fixed trade costs are reduced, a large variation in trade flows is explained by the extensive margin relative to the intensive margin. Our analysis hence confirms the result that abolition of quotas reduce the exporters’ costs and increases diversification, while reduction in tariffs reduces variable costs and has a greater impact on the intensive margin than the extensive margin. Quota abolition created opportunities for South Asian exporters in the two developed destinations markets but at the same time exposed them to tougher competition from exporters such as China. For China, the abolition of quota served as a disincentive to diversify, while South Asian exporters looked toward diversification as a survival strategy. Another important finding is the one-off gains for new exporters during the time was that not only were quotas abolished via ATC integration, but new, small, and less productive exporters were able to enter the markets since safeguards were imposed on imports of Chinese T&C by EU and USA. This impact overrides the ATC abolition impact on extensive margin of trade. Another important finding that also has theoretical backing is that preferential market access affects both the margins positively. However, at the product level, and specifically for the EU market, the tariff preference margin had a greater impact on the intensive margin than the extensive margin. Due to lower variable costs (tariff reduction), the incumbent firms are able to increase their revenues, while the new exporters with lower productivities face not only high fixed costs, but also higher variable costs compared to incumbent firms. Additionally, tariff preferential margin has led to increased exports at the intensive margin because preferences are mostly negotiated product by product. An important implication of this finding is that preference margins play an important role in increasing T&C exports to the EU but has little impact on export diversification. Trade preference margin is more important to export profitability in the EU market due to its generous preferential scheme, while China quota is more definitive in the US market since South Asian exporters compete with Chinese products with slight cost differences, and greater export similarity. The extensive and intensive margins of T&C exports vary considerably across destination countries. Because there are differentiated impacts of policies on sectoral exports, sub-sectoral exports and their margins in the two markets, this indicates that policy-makers and marketing strategists fine-tune their exporting policies and marketing strategies for different markets. The impacts of quota removal and safeguard measures imposition are more distinct for textiles than for clothing. Protectionist measures undertaken by governments of developing countries may have become a deterrent in the way of firms’ investments in efficient technologies, so that they failed to upgrade production to better quality products within the same sub-sector, and hence botched to tap destination market niches.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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