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نادار لوگ

نادار لوگ

                عبداللہ حسین کا یہ ناول"نادار لوگ"ایک تاریخی ناول ہے اور اس میں نو آبادیاتی عہد میں اقدار اور سماجی رویوں کے ساتھ ساتھ معاشرے کے پسے ہوئے  طبقے کے استحصال کو نمایاں کرنے کی ایک اہم کاوش ہے۔پاکستان کی تاریخ ادب کے تناظر میں کیا تھی ،ہمیں ان کے اس ناول میں پتہ چلتی ہے۔ناول میں 1947ء کے بعد کے حالات و واقعات یعنی تقسیم کے بعد کن حالات سے گزرنا پڑا، کن واقعات کو برداشت کرنا پڑا اور وہ واقعات جو سیاست اور معاشرتی زندگی کی سطح پر رونما ہوئے اور ان کے کیا نتائج رہے یعنی لوگوں پر کس طرح اثر انداز ہوئے۔ انہیں ناولوں میں موضوع بنایا گیا ہے۔ ملک کی آزادی سے لے کر بہت سے مسائل سامنے آنا شروع ہو گئے تھے۔

                ایسے مسائل جنہوں نے پہلے ہی دن بنیادوں کو ہلا کر رکھ دیا تھا۔ مہاجرین جو دربدر ہوگئے  تھے۔ان کی آباد کاری کا مسئلہ، اثاثہ جات کی تقسیم کا مسئلہ، اس کے علاوہ اقتصادی اور انتظامی مسائل ایسے مسائل تھے جن سے جڑیں کھوکھلی ہو گئی تھیں۔اس وقت جب کہ انصاف کی ضرورت تھی ا س سے لا علمی کا  مظاہرہ کرتے ہوئے جب بد عنوانی کی گئی تو اس نے شروع ہی سے ملک میں نا انصافی اور بد امنی کے بیج بودیے تھے جو کہ آج ایک تن آور درخت بن چکے ہیں۔ جعلی الائنمنٹ کا بازار گرم رہا اور حق تلفیاں ہوئیں جبکہ جاگیردار جو اعلیٰ عہدوں پر فائز تھے۔انہیں  پہلے سے بھی زیادہ خوشحال کر دیا گیا۔ اس سے بدعنوانی کی جو فضا قائم ہوئی اس نے محکوم طبقہ کو بالکل کس مپر سی کی زندگی گزارنے پر مجبور کر دیا۔خون کے وہ دھبے صرف کپڑوں پر نہ لگے تھے بلکہ دل و دماغ...

PENINGKATAN MUTU PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI SUPERVISI AKADEMIK PADA MTS NEGERI 2 BANGGAI

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan kinerja guru di MTS Negeri 2 Banggai Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019 setelah mengikuti supervisi akademik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan sekolah. Subjek penelitian adalah guru di MTS Negeri 2 Banggai yang berjumlah 8 orang guru. Data kinerja guru pada penelitian ini dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Indikator keberhasilan penelitian ini adalah: apabila rata-rata kinerja guru minimal pada kategori Tinggi, dan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 90%. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa: penerapan supervisi akademik secara efektif dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru di MTS Negeri 2 Banggai Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari rerata kinerja guru sebelum penelitian sebesar 130, 50 berada pada kategori sedang, meningkat pada siklus I menjadi 150, 13 berada pada kategori tinggi dan meningkat lagi pada siklus II menjadi 167 berada pada kategori sangat tinggi

Electrochemical Study of Metal Complexes of Active Ingredient of Nigella Sativa Black Seed

Nigella sativa (Kalongi) seeds are well-known for the improvement of human health and used as folk medicine in treatment of various ailments. This is because of the fact that the seeds are a good source of several essential macro and micro nutrients as well as of many biologically active compounds. In present work electrochemical study of thymoquinone, which is the main active constituent of the N. sativa seed, was done using cyclic voltammetric technique at glassy carbon electrode versus saturated calomel electrode. Through cyclic voltammetry different quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Fe(III)-Thymoquinone complex, Cr(VI)-Thymoquinone complex, Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex and Co(II)-Thymoquinone complex were determined. In all cases NaCl was used as supporting electrolyte except Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex where LiCl was also used. The results showed quasi-reversible electron transfer reaction for all above mentioned complexes; however, in case of Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex a shift from quasi-reversible to reversible behavior was observed. Effect of various parameters, such as scan rate, concentration and metal ligand ratio on complexes was noted by varying any one of them at one time while keeping others constant. Effect of repeated scanning was also examined. Results revealed presence of pre equilibrium charge transfer process in cases of Cr(VI)-Thymoquinone complex, Co(II)-Thymoquinone complex and Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex, whereas post equilibrium charge transfer process in Fe(III)-Thymoquinone complex. The quantitative study with cyclic voltammetry showed that the use of a glassy carbon electrode could be helpful to quantify these complexes (Fe(III)-Thymoquinone complex and Co(II)- Thymoquinone complex 2 x 10 -5 to 1.2 x 10 -3 M, Cr(VI)-Thymoquinone complex 2 x 10 -4 to 1.2 x 10 -3 M and Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex 2 x 10 -4 to 1.6 x 10 -3 M ). Hence this method can be used in the pharmaceutical quality control assay of these complexes. Values of transfer coefficient α and β, diffusion coefficient and E ̊ were also calculated for each complex. In addition, electrochemical study of V(IV)-Thymoquinone complex and Fe(III)-Thymol complex, Cr(VI)-Thymol complex, Cu(II)-Thymol complex, V(IV)-Thymol complex and Co(II)-Thymol complex was also performed which was not done in detail due to lack of time and facilities. Thymol is another active constituent of the black seed. Results indicated that cyclic voltammetry could also be helpful for determination of various quantitative and qualitative parameters of this constituent and its complexes. VIBefore performing electrochemical study some physical properties of the black seed were determined including moisture content and dissolved (DS) and undissolved solid (UDS) contents of the seed. Comparison of the results obtained for DS and UDS in aqueous and acidic medium showed that fast absorption of the seeds may take place in the acidic environment of stomach. The seed was also examined for its elemental composition using scanning electron microscopy which showed presence of several essential macro as well as micro elements in the seed. In order to find out suitable pH for complex formation, complexation of thymoquinone and thymol with Fe(III), Cr(VI), Cu(II), V(IV) and Co(II) was also investigated by pH-metry. Results revealed that out of above mentioned metals Fe(III) and V(IV) forms relatively stable complexes with both ligands. Moreover, they formed complexes at low pH while rest of the metals at high pH. Comparison of thymol and thymoquinone complexes indicates that thymoquinone forms more stable complexes with all mentioned metals as compared to thymol. pK a of both ligands was also determined. Present research also reveals that in case of heavy metal toxicity (specially by Fe(III), Cr(VI), Cu(II), V(IV) and Co(II)) thymoquinone and thymol could be helpful to remove them from the body. As both of the compounds form complexes with all above mentioned metals, they can be used in chelation therapy to remove toxic metals. It is also possible that both thymoquinone and thymol being antioxidants could reduce these metals, for example Fe (III) to Fe (II), Cr (VI) to Cr (III) etc. and hence converting these metals into their reduced form which is beneficial for the human body.
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