مولانا عبدالصمد شرف الدین
یہ خبر بڑے افسوس کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ رمضان المبارک کے آخری عشرہ میں مولانا عبدالصمد شرف الدین نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، اِنا ﷲ وَاِنا اِلیہ رَاجِعونْ۔
راقم نے جب عربی پڑھنی شروع کی تھی تو اس وقت اکثر عربی کتابوں پر شرف الدین الکتبی اولادہ لکھا دیکھا، معلوم یہ ہوا کہ یہ عربی کتابوں کے بہت بڑے تاجر ہیں جن کا مکتبہ بھنڈی بازار بمبئی میں محمد علی روڈ پر ہے، اس سے اس زمانے کے تمام عربی خواں بلکہ مبتدی بھی واقف تھے۔
مولانا عبدالصمد انہی مولانا شرف الدین الکتبی کے صاحبزادے تھے جو بمبئی سے بھیونڈی آکر کتابوں کا کاروبار کرنے لگے تھے، مولانا کی ابتدائی تعلیم بمبئی کے کسی انگلش میڈیم اسکول میں ہوئی تھی، اس کی وجہ سے انہیں انگریزی پر پوری قدرت ہوگئی تھی اور عربی تو ان کے گھر ہی کی زبان تھی، عربی زبان و ادب کی کتابیں انہوں نے عربی کے مشہور ادیب و فاضل مولانا محمد سورتی سے پڑھیں، اس طرح عربی اور انگریزی میں انہیں اردو سے زیادہ مہارت حاصل تھی۔
مولانا خود اور ان کے والد بزرگوار بھی عربی کتابوں کی تجارت و اشاعت کا کام کرتے تھے، اس کے سلسلے میں ان لوگوں کی آمدورفت برابر عرب ملکوں میں رہتی تھی اس لیے ان کی اکثر رشتہ داریاں بھی وہیں تھی اور ان کے خاندان کے بعض افراد عرب ملکوں ہی میں آباد ہوگئے ہیں۔
۱۹۹۲ء میں ان سطور کے راقم کو حج بیت اﷲ کی سعادت میسر آئی تھی، اسی موقع پر رابطہ عالم اسلامی کے اس وقت کے جنرل سکریٹری ڈاکٹر عبداﷲ عمر نصیف سے بھی ملاقات کا شرف حاصل ہوا تھا، میں ڈاکٹر صاحب کو اردو سے بالکل ناواقف سمجھ کر ان سے ٹوٹی پھوٹی عربی میں بات چیت کرنے لگا، بعد...
Islamic education today cannot be separated from Islamic education in Islamic classical era. The Prophet Muhammad has served as a central figure of Islamic education from Islamic classical era to modern Era. The implementation of Islamic education in the time of the Prophet Muhammad can be categorized into Meccan period and Medina Period. In Meccan period, the prophet put emphasis on tawhid, who used to adhare to politism, to adhare to monotism, that is to believe in Allah the only God. The strategy of education employed by the prophet was secret in nature. Initially, he conducated Islamic education amongst the members of his family and his companions then to more extended cummunity. In Mecca, the Prophet made the house of al-Arqam ibn Abi Al-Arqam, as the centre of Islamic education. In Medinan period, the prophet conducted more complex Islamic education than that he did in Mecca. Islamic education conducted to covered (a) Islamic brotherhood; (b) social walfare education; and (c) nation defence education. In this period, it was mosque that served as the centre of Islamic education.
Densities of seven drugs Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC), Losartan Potassiun (LP), Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CPAM), Metformin Hydrochloride (MHCl), Sodium Valporate (SV), Levofloxacin (LF) and Chloramphenicol (CP) were measured at four different temperatures (288 K to 318 K) in water and organic solvent (ethanol for all drugs except MHCl for which methanol was used). From these values of density, apparent molar volumes (Vf) were calculated which were used to find partial molar volume (V°f), semi empirical parameter (Sv), Hepler’s constant, partial molar expansivity (E°2) and isobaric thermal expansion coefficient (a2). Viscosities of drugs solutions in water and ethanol solvents were determined at four different temperatures i.e. 288K to 318K. These values were used to calculate the constants of Jones-Dole equation. Different thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy of activation of solution (ΔG#2), molar activation enthalpy (ΔH#2) and molar activation entropy (ΔS#2) of viscous flow were calculated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of six drugs was calculated in aqueous and ethanolic media (except MHCl for which methanol solvent was used) at four different temperatures (288 K to 318 K) by using electrical conductivity, surface tension and refractive index measurements. From conductometric measurements degree of ionization (b), degree of counterion binding (a), enthalpy of micellization (ΔH°m), free energy of micellization (ΔG°m) and entropy of micellization (ΔS°m) were calculated. From surface tension values surface excess concentration (Г2), minimum area per molecule (A) and free energy of adsorption (ΔG°ads) were calculated. The interaction of two surfactants SDS and CTAB with six drugs was studied at one temperature (298 K) in aqueous solution using UV/Visible spectroscopy and electrical conductivity. Measurements of UV/Visible spectroscopy were used to calculate partition coefficient (Kx), standard free energy of partition (ΔGp), binding constant (Kb) and standard free energy of binding (ΔGb). The effect of three amino acids i.e. glycine, L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine on CMC of five drugs were studied in aqueous solution at one temperature using electrical conductivity measurements which are useful to understand the solubilization of amino acids into the micelles of drugs. The determination of apparent molar volumes, partial molar volumes and other related parameters and constants of Jones-Dole equation is carried out to find the types of interaction of drugs with solvent. Another purpose of this study is to find same trend for effect of drugs on solvent from volumetric and viscometric study. Decrease in apparent molar volume with concentration in both solvents shows solvophobic interaction of all drugs with solvents. Values of partial molar volumes of these drugs are lower in aqueous medium than in alcoholic due to greater polarity of water. Sv is found to be negative for drugs showing weak solute-solute interaction except CPAM. Positive value of Hepler’s constant shows structure promoting effect of drugs on solvent except CPAM in ethanol. B-coefficient of Jones-Dole equation is positive representing strong solute- solvent interaction. ΔG#2 is positive and higher than ΔG#1 representing structure promoting effect and stronger solute-solvent interaction in ground than in transition state. Positive value of ΔH#2 means that the process of transition state formation is endothermic. From the values of Hepler’s constant and B-coefficient the order of hydrophobic interaction in aqueous medium was found to be in same order which is BAC > LP > CPAM > SV > MHCl In case of alcoholic solution the order of solvophobic interaction is also same as determined by viscometric and volumetric study which is MHCl > LF > CP > BAC > SV > CPAM The determination of CMC at different temperatures is carried out to get thermodynamic and other related parameters which are very useful to understand micellization process and the effect of presence of drug on solution. Values of surface excess concentration for all drugs show higher drug concentration at solution-air interface than in bulk of solution phase. ΔG°ads has more negative value than ΔG°m representing that the adsorption of drug molecules at surface is more spontaneous than micellization. ΔH°m is negative, showing micellization is exothermic while for SV in ethanolic solution and for CPAM and LP in both solvents it is positive. Positive ΔS°m represents that the micellization process results in increase in entropy of solution. The same type of behaviour is reported in literature for different amphiphilic drugs e.g. Chloroquine Diphosphate, Citalopram HBr.