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5 ۔ حدِخمر

5 ۔ حدِخمر
لغوی معنی
خمر ڈھانپنے کو کہتے ہیں، جیسا کہ ابن فارس نے خمر کی یوں تعریف کی ہے
الخاء والميم والراء أصلٌ واحد يدلُّ على التغطية، والمخالطةِ في سَتْر. فالخَمْرُ: الشَّراب المعروف.122
"خَمَرَ اصل ہے یہ ڈھانپنے اور خلط ملط ہونے پر دلا لت کرتا ہے اور الخمر مشہور شراب کو کہتے ہیں۔ "
خمرایسا نشہ والا انگور کا پانی جو عقل کو ڈھا نپ لے ،جیسے ابن منظور تحریر کرتے ہیں
والخَمْرُ ما أَسْكَرَ من عصير العنب لأَنها خامرت العقل والتَّخْمِيرُ التغطية يقال خَمَّرَ وجْهَهُ وخَمِّرْ إِناءك والمُخامَرَةُ المخالطة۔ 123
" خمر جو نشہ دلائے انگور کے نچڑے ہوئے پانی سے اس لیے کہ یہ عقل کو ڈھانپ لیتی ہے اور تخمیر کا معنی ہے ڈھانپنا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے اس نے اپنے چہر ے کو ڈھانپ لیا اور مخامرۃ کا معنی ہے خلط ملط ہو جانا۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم : امام راغب اصفہانی کے نزدیک خمر سے مراد
والخمر سمیت لکونھا خامرۃلمقرالعقلوھوعندبعضالناساسم لکل مسکر۔ 124
"خمر نشہ ہے کیونکہ وہ عقل کو ڈھانپ لیتی ہے۔ بعض لوگوں کے نزدیک ہر نشہ آور چیز پر خمر کا لفظ بولا جاتا ہے۔ "
شراب نوشی کی حرمت
نشہ آور چیزوں میں سے جو عقل و فہم اور شعور کے لئے مہلک ہیں شراب نوشی کو نمایاں مقام حاصل ہے اور دوسری نشہ آور چیزیں انہی کے حکم میں آتی ہیں زمانہ جاہلیت میں شراب پینے پلانے کا رواج عام تھا حضور ﷺ کی آمد اور نبوت سے امت اور انسانیت کی اصلاح کام شروع ہوا تو جہاں زندگی کے دوسرے گوشوں کی اصلاح کا انتظام ہوا وہاں شراب نوشی کے سلسلے میں بھی اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہدایات دیں اور شراب کے مفاسد و نقصانات اور حرمت بتلا کر لوگوں کے دلوں میں اس کی نفرت ڈال کر تدریجاً اس کے احکام نازل فرمائے۔...

LITERACY EDUCATION URGENCY FOR CENTENNIAL GENERATION IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0

When talking about children’s abilities, they indeed cannot be separated from their educational or training background. Moreover, he has entered the working age that must have productivity in his work, especially at this time, where the era has entered the industrial revolution 4.0. The industrial revolution 4.0 is marked by the development of digitalization in various lines of life. On the one hand, the industrial revolution 4.0 had many positive impacts. However, on the other hand, as the McKinsey Global Institute states that as a result of the 4.0 industrial revolution in the next five years, there will be 52.6 million jobs that will decline and even disappear. This certainly will be a challenge for the centennial generation (children born from 1996-2011) at this time, which they have to survive with the existing conditions and situations. This paper will discuss several factors that describe and address issues such as what is meant by the centennial generation, literacy, and the urgency of literacy education for the centennial generation in the digital age. According to authors, thi is essential to discuss, given the increasingly rapid development and technological progress resulting in the loss of much work.

An Analysis of Transliteration of English Words Into Urdu in Print Media

An Analysis of Transliteration of English Words Into Urdu in Print Media The present research attempts to give an insight into the indigenization of English words into Urdu. It is designed to show how certain factors not sociolinguistic, off course, function in the accommodation and assimilation, when lexemes, phrases and expressions are taken from English into Urdu. Pakistani speakers are gradually bringing changes to Urdu by introducing many new words of other languages, especially English. But these borrowed words also acquire new dimensions. In this regard the major contributing factor in the indigenization of words is the change of writing script. The words of one language are written by using the script of another language to refer to some term or concept which either does not exist in the recipient language or the existing words of the language are no more used to refer to such terms. The process is generally referred to as transliteration. Transliteration may be done manually or by using computers. The transliterated terms slowly but certainly get accepted by most of the people in the society. On such a topic, indigenization of English words into Urdu, much research has not been done. A few scholars such as Rahman and Baumgardner have worked on the localization of Urdu words in English. The researcher collected transliterated English words from Urdu language newspapers as data for the analysis of transliteration and used table look up method to find correspondence in original English words and transliterated lexical items. Finally, an algorithm was developed to show the relationship between English and Urdu graphemes by examining the transliterated lexical items. The analysis revealed that transliteration process does not rely either on phonemes or graphemes rather it is a mixture of both. So, hybrid model of transliteration is employed in transliteration of English words into Urdu. The present reseach is a significant contribution to the existing literature on English to Urdu transliteration process as it discusses in detail how English words get adapted into Nastaliq writing script.
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