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ام المومنین حضرت عائشہؓ

ام المومنین حضرت عائشہؓ
اعتراض نمبر۱۰۷
حضرت عائشہ ؓ کی عمر کے بارے میں کتب و احادیث میں چند ایسی روایات ہیں جن میں آپ کی عمر بوقت نکاح چھ سال اور رخصتی کے وقت نو سال کا ذکر ہے ۔ جس طرح بخاری شریف جلد نمبر ۳ کتاب النکاح ص ۹۴ پر یہ روایت ہے ’’ حضرت عائشہ ؓ فرماتی ہیں کہ نبی ﷺ نے نکاح کیا ان کے ساتھ جب وہ چھ سال کی تھیں اور داخل کی گئیں آپ ﷺ پر (زفاف کے لیے ) جب وہ نو سال کی تھیں اور نو سال تک آپ کے پاس رہیں ۔ ‘‘ (۲) سر ولیم میور لکھتا ہے کہ ’’آنحضرتﷺ سے شادی کے وقت سیدہ عائشہ ؓ کی عمر دس گیارہ برس سے زیادہ نہ تھی ۔‘‘
جواب: مستشرقین نے دو مو قعوں پر بی بی عائشہ ؓ کی عمر کو متنازعہ بنایا ہے ۔ اول جب آنحضرت ﷺ کی حضرت عائشہ ؓ سے نسبت طے ہوئی ۔ دوم :جب شادی انجام پذیر ہوئی ۔ بات تو ایک ہی ہے اگر نسبت کے وقت عمر کا درست تعین ہو جاتا تو آگے غلطی کا امکان نہ رہتا بات یہیں ختم نہیں ہوتی کیونکہ کئی مسلم مورخین نے بھی ٹھوکر کھائی ہے شائد انہیں سہو ہوا ہے یا بلا تحقیق لکھتے چلے گئے یہاں تک کہ چوٹی کے محدثین بھی اپنی کتب احادیث میں یو نہی نقل کرتے ہیں ۔ مثال کے طور پر بخاری شریف میں پانچ ،مسلم شریف میں چار ،اور ابو دائود میں ایک روایت ہے ۔ان روایات کو قبول کر کے مقدس و محترم ہستیوں کی شان میں گستاخی و بے ادبی کرتے رہے ۔ آئیے دیکھیں کہ حقیقت کیا ہے ؟۔
دلیل اول : امام بخاری کہتے ہیں جب قرآن کریم کی ۵۴ ویں سورہ القمر نازل ہوئی...

Why Criminologists Study Journalism?

‘Media is situated within, and fully interwoven with, many other social practices, to the extent where crime and media representations are inseparable’. Criminologist must, however, be alert to the ways in which media create perceptions in order to understand that things are not as always as they are presented. Criminologist has to be a well-versed scholar on the subject of media practices to tread fuzzy area between the news and propaganda and to identify the instances of media coverage of crime as the major culprit for the increase in crime through its redefinition; and for the increase in pessimism through projecting only dark things in much darker light as good news is bad news for media. Awareness of media practices helps criminologist to understand the reasons for separate feeds so can be used for different content of several newspapers to realize truth; and to understand the failure of media to publicize moral dilemma because of its failure to offer rational and duly informed societal response. Criminologist is to be media scholar to know that news is not necessarily about events those transcend crimes and there does exists the standoff between moral panic and realism and separation of cause and effect and the addition of newness to news and exceptionalization of crime; and crime representation can be for the marginalization of some groups.

Genetic Diversity of Mango Germplasm and Ceratocystis Spp. Form Ajk and Punjab, Pakistan

Pakistan is blessed with a wide range of indigenous mango germplasm. These mango genotypes, growing at Punjab and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and its vicinity are valuable resource for unique genetic diversity. This germplasm has declined drastically due to population pressure, deforestation and high incidence of insect pests and diseases including Mango Quick Wilt Disease (MQWD). Hence, the aim of this study was to develop DNA fingerprints and determine the genetic diversity of the availabale germplasm. On the other hand, better understanding about the varability of MQWD pathogen is also important for incorporating resistant traits in the plant. Therefore, DNA profiles of 232 genotypes of Pakistan were developed with 114 SSR markers to determine the population structure. SSR based genetic diversity analysis identified a total of 593 alleles ranging from 2 to 18 alleles per locus, which were able to distinguish almost all of these genotypes. The average polymorphism information content value was 0.665. The expected and observed heterozygosity values were 0.695 and 0.619, respectively, which exhibited moderate level of genetic diversity among mango genotypes. Thirty unique alleles were identified in commercial and some wild genotypes. This analysis identified 26 duplicate entries in the collected samples, though they were identified as different genotypes at the time of sampling. The remaining genotypes (203) were found to be genetically distinct from each other. The Bayesian cluster, principal coordinate and hierarchical clustering analyses divided the collected genotypes into three groups i.e. A, B and C. Groups A and C consisted of entirely indigenous genotypes, while all commercial genotypes were clustered in group B. The genotypes from AJK have relatively broader genetic base within their clusters as compared to the genotypes collected from Punjab. However, strong correlation between geographic distribution and genetic clustering suggested no extensive exchanges of mango germplasm across these geographic areas. The genetic diversity of Pakistani genotypes was found to be higher when compared with the genotypes of other mango growing countries of the world. No association could be established between the embryony and SSR markers analyzed. The analysis identified the mislabeling of the introduced genotypes from other countries. These markers also identified and confirmed the parentage of hybrid genotypes. Most of the genotypes collected from Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Khanewal showed close relationship with ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’ and ‘Langra’. Another aspect of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of the casual agent of the most notorious mango disease, MQWD, which is a major threat to mango production in Pakistan. Eighteen fungal isolates were sampled from infected mango decline trees from mango growing areas of Punjab. The genetic makeup of these isolates was determined by using various DNA marker genes like ITS, β-tubulin and EF-1α. The comparison of their nucleotide sequencing data showed that ‘RYK-147’ belongs to Ceratocystis manginecans; while, rest of the seventeen samples belong to Ceratocystis fimbriata. These results are contradictory to the previous reports, which showed that disease causing fungi belongs to solely C. manginecans. This study showed that the mango decline disease is caused by both fungal species. However, the C. manginecans, isolated in this study has the same genetic makeup as previously reported from Pakistan and Oman. This contradiction in results is likely due to sampling from the regions, which are different from the previous studies in Pakistan. The genetic diversity analysis of 18 isolates was also carried out through 20 SSR markers. The results indicated that the isolates collected from Multan, Khanewal and Muzaffargarh are genetically similar. While, low level of genetic diversity was observed among isolates sampled from Rahim Yar Khan. The analysis also screend out C. manginecans, as a causal agent of mango wilt disease in isolate of ‘RYK-147’. These all isolates were sampled from commercial mango genotypes, which have low level of genetic diversity. High level of genetic similarity in the disease causing fungi might be an evolutionary outcome of diversity relation between host and pathogen. The quantitative analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure would help cultivar improvement in the future mango breeding programs.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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