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المبحث الأول: بداية الشعر الحر

المبحث الأول: بداية الشعر الحر

نُشِرت قصیدۃ ’’الکولیرا‘‘ في بیروت ووصلت نسختھا ببغداد في أول کانون الأول عام 1947م وفي النصف الثاني من الشھر نفسہ صدر دیوان بدر شاکر السیّاب (أزھار ذابلۃ) في بغداد، تقول نازک بأن في ھذا الدیوان قصیدۃ حرۃ الوزن ولہ في بحر الرمل عنواناً (ھل کان حباً) ولکن علق علی ھذہ القصیدۃ في الحاشیۃ بأنھا من "الشعر مختلف الأوزان والقوافي" وھذا النموذج منھا :


 ھل یکون الحبّ أني
 بتّ[1] عبداً للتمني
 أم ھو الحب أطراح الأمنیات
 والتقاء الثغر بالثغر ونسیان الحیاۃ
 واختفاء العین في العین انتشاء
 کانثیال عاد یفني في ھدیر
 أو کظل في غدیر[2]

ثم وضحت الشاعرہ نازک الملائکۃ في قضایا الشعر المعاصر بأن ظھور قصیدۃ (الکولیرا) و (ھل کان حباً) لم یلفت نظر الجمھور والقراء؛ ولکن حصل تعلیق واحد فقط في مجلۃ (العروبۃ) علی أسلوب ووزن قصیدۃ (الکولیرا) ولکن مضت سنتان لم یکتب أحد شعراً حراً ولا تعلیقاً آخر علی الشعر الحر۔ ولکن عندما ظھر دیوان نازک الملائکۃ (شظایا ورماد) عام 1949م قامت ضجۃ شدیدۃ في صحف العراق ومناقشات في الأوساط الأدبیۃ، فبعضھم تنبأوا لھذہ الدعوۃ الجدیدۃ بالفشل وبعضھم تشجعوا واستجابوا لہ۔



[1] بتّ ، مأخوذ من بات والمقصود قضى الليل

[2] الملائکۃ، نازک، قضایا الشعر المعاصر(بیروت، لبنان: دار العلم للملایین) الطبعۃ الثانیۃ عشرۃ، 
ینایر 2004م، ص36 ۔

حسین بن منصور حلاج اور ان کی صوفیانہ تعلیمات کا علمی وتحقیقی جائزہ

A Sufi poet, teacher and philosopher, Hallaj was executed on the orders of an Abbasside caliph for uttering these words, taken to mean Hallaj as claiming himself to be God. After more than a decade of imprisonment, Hallaj was eventually executed publically in Baghdad in the year 922. He is seen by many as a revolutionary writer and teacher of his time, when practices of mysticism were not meant to be shared publically. Yet he remains a controversial figure, revered by Rumi, hated by many, he was labeled an intoxicated Sufi and is still read today. After his arrest in Sūs and a lengthy period of confinement (c. 911–922) in Baghdad, al-Ḥallāj was eventually crucified and brutally tortured to death. A large crowd witnessed his execution. He is remembered to have endured gruesome torture calmly and courageously and to have uttered words of forgiveness for his accusers. In a sense, the Islāmic community (ummah) had put itself on trial, for al-Ḥallāj left behind revered writings and supporters who courageously affirmed his teachings and his experience. In subsequent Islāmic history, therefore, the life and thought of al-Ḥallāj has been a subject seldom ignored. Here we get a realistic overview about him and his teachings.

A Study of Mechanical Properties of Irradiated Titanium and its Alloys at Low Temperatures

The present work attempts to study the effects of irradiation and deformation temperature on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline pure titanium (99.994 %). The specimens were irradiated by electron beam of energies ranging from 8-18 MeV at 300 K. The irradiated and unirradiated specimens were deformed using Universal Testing Machine in the temperature range 300-100 K at a strain rate of 1.2 ´ 10-3 /sec. A comparison between stress strain curves of unirradiated/ irradiated specimens recorded through the attached machine at room temperature, was carried out. The yield stress and ultimate tensile stress of irradiated specimens were found to be higher than that of unirradiated ones however the ductility was found to decrease. The changes in tensile parameters became more pronounced with increase of irradiation energy and decrease of test temperature. The stress relaxation tests were also conducted to observe stress relaxation behavior of the material at a certain fixed load. The stress relaxation rate was found to be lower in irradiated specimens than that of unirradiated ones lowering of test temperature and enhancing of irradiation energy. The activation parameters of stress relaxation like activation energy and activation volume were also analyzed from the relaxation tests. The activation energy was found to increase with decrease of test temperature and with increase of incident irradiation energy. The analysis of activation energy (U0) and activation volume (Vσ) suggests that the initial plastic deformation in irradiated titanium specimens is controlled by the interaction of dislocations with irradiation induced defects while this advances into dislocation-dislocation intersection as the deformation i proceeds which seem to control the rate process in irradiated polycrystalline titanium. Scanning electron microscope micrographs of the fractured surfaces show a combination of ductile and cleavage fractures, corresponding to different values of irradiation energy and test temperature.
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