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رشوت ستانی

رشوت ستانی

                رشوت ستانی ایک جرم ہے۔ایسا جرم جو مجرم کو امید دیتا ہے بلکہ یقین کہ وہ بالکل بے قصور ہے۔ اس میں ایک فرد کی تیسرے فریق کو عام طور پر جو کوئی اتھارٹی رکھتا ہے،(کسی سرکاری بندے کو یا نجی ادارے) کو رشوت دیتا ہے تا کہ وہ اس کے ذریعے فائدہ اٹھا سکے۔اس طرح وہ رقم مختلف قسم کے تحائف ،جاندار یا بے جان تحائف یا مختلف اقسام کی صورت میں دی جا سکتی ہے۔ صرف اور صرف ذاتی مفاد کے لیے اگلے کو خوش کر دینا بلکہ اس کے گلے میں اپنی رشوت کے ذریعے گھنٹی باندھ دینا۔رشوت دینے کا مقصد یہی ہوتا ہے کہ رشوت لینے والا ایسی کاروائی کرے اور ایسا کیس بنا کر پیش کرے جس میں قانون کو بھی اندھا ثابت کرنے میں کوئی کسر باقی نہ رہے اور معاملہ فرد کے حق میں ہو جائے۔بعض اوقات رشوت دینے کا مقصد خود کو ٹھیک ثابت کرنے کا نہیں ہوتا بلکہ اس لیے بھی ہوتا ہے کہ ہم پر حکومت کرنے والے ہمیشہ کے لیے ناکارہ ہو جائیں اور ہر عمل سے پہلے رشوت دینے والے کا سوچیں۔

                ایک مستقل سرگرمی جس میں اگلے کو اپنا غلام بنا لیا جاتا ہے،اسی کی وجہ سے معاشرتی مسائل بڑھتے جا رہے ہیں۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ آج ہر شعبہ زندگی  میں سفارش،رشوت  اور لوٹ مار کا بازار گرم نظر آتا ہے۔دوسروں کی دل آزاری کرنا، اس کی حق تلفی کرنا نہ صر ف حقوق العباد کی نفی کرتے ہیںبلکہ اس کے ذریعے ہم حقوق اللہ سے بھی انصاف نہیں کرتے۔افسوس صد افسوس اسلام کے معیار کو بھلا کر معاشرے کی اقداروں کو نظر انداز کر کے آج ہم اس رشوت جیسے جرم کو مزید اضافے کی طرف لے جا رہے ہیں۔

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ارتداد کی سزا کا معاصرانہ تنقیدی مطالعہ

This is not hidden from anyone familiar with Islamic laws, that in Islam the punishment for every person who enters the realm of Islam voluntarily and then turns away from Islam and returns to disbelief, is capital punishment (death penalty). From the earliest days of Islam, all the Companions, Followers, and all Islamic Jurists have improved the same, but at the end of the nineteenth century, many people who hated Islam refused to accept the punishment imposed by Islam due to various doubts. They have also challenged its legitimacy. As a result, two types of views on apostasy emerged. Some other scholars, at the endof the twentieth century, came with a third view on the punishment of apostasy. They neither deny the punishment of apostasy in general nor do they believe in it as the majority of scholars do. Therefore, in this article, we will briefly discuss these three types of views and their arguments, so that truth and falsehood become clear and no doubt remains in this matter.

Housing Demand in Urban Areas of Pakistan

This dissertation focuses on exploring the determinants of the housing demand in the urban areas of Pakistan. It also delves into the impact of different income groups on the housing demand. The hedonic price model was used for the estimation of analysis. The data pertaining to 14 Pakistani urban areas was borrowed from Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) survey 2004-05 and 2010-11, respectively. Overall, two models were used in the analysis. The first one was to estimate the Hedonic rent model that helped in finding out that in high-income group households the rent was greater than the middle-income group households, which was increased in 2004-05 and decreased in 2010-11. The study was applied on lower income groups as well. Affordability has same effect on low and middle-income groups, but for high-income group it turned out to be positive yet the value of coefficient remained on the lower side. This comparison helps in designing appropriate policies in accordance with the current state of housing market. It was found that different factors contributed differently wards housing demand whereas the economic cycles were contrast during both periods of the study. Furthermore, this study provides a policy framework for addressing the factors related to housing demand. In order to control the selectivity bias between the tenure choice and the quantity of housing services demanded, Heckman‟s two-step selection procedure was used. The Probit model was opted for calculating the margins for the probability of a house‟s ownership. Permanent and Transitory incomes were estimated based on the permanent income hypothesis. Another aspect, uncommonly found in studies from developing countries including Pakistan, was separately determining the effects of permanent and more importantly transitory income on housing demand. The aggregate analysis underlined that income, house price, affordability; demographic factors such as age of the head of household, education, household size, number of earners and marital status are the key factors in determining the housing demand in Pakistan.
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