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نواب امیر حسن خان

نواب امیر حسن خان
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مارچ میں نواب صدیق حسن خان کے پوتے اور نواب علی حسن خان کے بڑے صاحبزادے نواب امیر حسن خان نے دفعتہ انتقال کیا، اس خاندان میں کئی پشتوں تک علم و دولت کا اجتماع رہا نواب علی حسن خان خود صاحبِ علم، اہل قلم کے قدردان اور لکھنؤ کی اہم شخصیت تھے، اس لئے علامہ شبلی مرحوم سے اُن کے بڑے گہرے تعلقات تھے، اس تعلق اور علم دوستی کی بنا پر ان کو ندوہ اور دارالمصنفین سے خاص تعلق تھا، ندوہ کے وہ ابتداء سے حامی و مددگار اور ایک زمانہ تک اس کے ناظم رہے، دارالمصنفین کے بھی رکن تھے، نواب صاحب کی زندگی تک ان کا دولت کدہ اصحابِ علم وکمال کا مرجع تھا، مگر ان کی وفات کے بعد اس خاندان کی پرانی شان قائم نہ رہ سکی، تاہم نواب امیر حسن خان نے حتی الامکان قدیم روایات اور پرانے تعلقات کو نباہنے کی کوشش کی، مگر زمینداری کے خاتمہ نے اس خاندان کا بالکل خاتمہ کردیا، ایک زمانہ میں بھوپال ہاؤس کی رونق اور چہل پہل قابلِ دید تھی، اور اب وہ تلک الایام نداولہابین الناس[آل عمران:۱۴۰]کا مرقع بن گیا ہے، نواب امیر حسن خان کی عمر ساٹھ سال کے قریب رہی ہوگی، اﷲ ان کو اپنی رحمت ومغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مئی ۱۹۵۶ء)

 

Analisis Implementasi Musaqoh Terhadap Kesejahteraan Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah

Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan musaqoh terhadap kesejahteraan penggarap pada pertanian kelapa sawit perspektif ekonomi syariah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerjasama musaqoh pada pertanian kelapa sawit di Kabupaten pelalawan telah dilakukan dengan baik serta telah memenuhi rukun dan syarat bagi hasil dengan mengikuti kebiasaan masyarakat setempat (adat). Dalam pemeliharaan kelapa sawit menggunakan akad kerja sama bagi hasil atas perolehan hasil pertanian. Besaran porsi bagi hasil yang dilakuakn petani dan penggarap yaitu dibagi 3 atau dengan persentase 70:30. Implementasi musaqoh kelapa sawit secara umum telah sesuai dengan Ekonomi Syariah, pihak petani menyerahkan lahan  pertanian yang sudah ditanami kelapa sawit kepada penggarap untuk dipelihara mulai dari pembersihan lahan pertanian, pemupukan, hingga memanen hasil perkebunan. Akad musaqoh yang dijalankan mendatangkan kesejahteraan bagi penggarap dengan terpenuhinya kebutuhan dasar (primer).  

Role of Root Associated Beneficial Bacteria for Nutrient Mobilization in Sunflower

Sunflower is an improtant oil seed crop that have potential to bridge up the huge gap between oil production and consumption in Pakistan. Present study was carried out to evaluate the potential of beneficial root associted bacteria with ultimate objective to improve sunflower growth, nutrient uptake, yield and oil contents. Total 67 bacterial isolates were purified from four locations of Pakistan and characterized for plant beneficial traits like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. The isolates showed the production of IAA (0.06 to 10.65 μg mL-1), solubilization of inorganic phosphate (9.71 to 37.34 μg mL-1) and nitrogenase activity of 34.96 to 146.33 ηMol mg-1 protein h-1. Ten potent PGPR strains exhibiting more than one plant beneficial traits in vitro were found metabolically diverse (in phenotypic microarray analysis) showing their wide-range of environmental adaptibility. The screened isolates were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and they were found to belong to Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter and Alcaligenes genera. The nitrogen fixing strains were confirmed for the property through nifH gene sequencing with 96-98 % similarity to different strains. Phosphate solubilization and organic acid production (gluconic, lactic, malic and tartaric) ability of selected strains is positivly correlated with decrease in pH of growth medium (r = 0.904 to 0.997). Only three out of eight P-solubilizing bacteria showed the presence of pqqE gene which were also able to produce gluconic acid. The pqqE gene sequence of Pseudomonas marginalis Fs-3, Enterobacter sp. Fs-11 and Pseudomonas sp. Ms-16 showed 96%, 98% and 98% identity with Gluconobacter oxydans, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. A comparative phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, nifH and pqqE genes revealed considerable phylogenetic differneces at species as well as genus level. Nitrogen fixing Pseudomnas trivialis Fs-9, Pseudomonas sp. Fs-15 and P- solubilizing Enterobacter sp. Fs-11 were checked for root colonization through transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that these strains were intense colonizers of sunflower rhizosphere. Moreover, sunflower seedlings, inoculated with yellow flourescent protein (yfp) labelled strain Fs-11, were obsrved under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) which confirmed its potential of colonizing roots. Plant inoculation experiment with nitrogen fixing strains (Pseudomonas trivialis Fs-9, Pseudomonas sp. Fs-15, Bacillus sp. Ms-7 and Alcaligenes faecalis Ms-8) significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased sunflower growth and nitrogen uptake or nitrogen fixed by Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes spp. as compared to un-inoculated plants. In another pot experiment, phosphate solubilizing strains (Pseudomonas marginalis Fs- 3, P. trivialis Fs-9, Enterobacter sp. Fs-11, Pseudomonas sp. Fs-13, Bacillus sp. Ms- 7, Pseudomonas sp. Ms-16, Alcaligenes faecalis Ss-2 and Bacillus sp. Ps-5) significanlty (P≤ 0.05) enhanced plant growth and phosphate uptake as compared to un-treated plants. In green house experiment conducted in soil to determine the colonization potential and effect on sunflower growth of rifampicin resistant derivatives of Enterobacter sp. Fs-11 and Pseudomonas sp. Fs-15, strain Fs-11 and Fs-15 were sucessfully recovered from sunflower rhizosphere and rhizoplane up to 30 days after transplanting at a cell density of 6-8 cfu g-1of root fresh wt. or rhizosphere soil. Both the strains significantly (P≤ 0.05) augmented sunflower growth parameters in single inoculation, but the effect on plants inoculated with mixed inoculum (Fs-11 + Fs-15) was found non-significant as compared to un-inoculated plants. Three field experiments were conducted at Faisalabad, Peshawar and Rawalakot and inoculation of strains Fs-9, Fs-11 and Fs-15 significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased sunflower growth, nutrient uptake, yield and oil contents as compared to un- inoculated treatment with half dose and without fertilizer. Sunflower achene yield and oil contents were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with growth and physiological parameters of sunflower. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies, it is concluded that strains Fs-9, Fs-11 and Fs-15 are potential PGPR that can enhance sunflower yield and oil contents by increasing nutrient uptake and IAA production. These strains can be used as bio-inoculats for sunflower crop along with the reduced dose of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.
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