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سگمنڈ فرائڈ

سگمنڈ فرائڈ
گذشتہ ستمبر میں آسٹریلیا کے مشہور محلل نفسی سگمنڈ فرایڈ کا پچاسی سال کی عمر میں لندن میں انتقال ہوگیا۔
نفسیات میں اس کا موضوع جنسی جبلت تھا، پچاس برس تک وہ اس پر غور و فکر کرتا رہا، شروع میں اس نے پانچ سال تک وائنا میں عصبی المزاجی پر تحقیقات کی، ۱۸۹۶؁ء میں جب اس نے اپنے لکچروں میں یہ دعویٰ کیا کہ عصبی المزاج اشخاص کے مرض کا سبب ان کی جنسی جبلت میں پایا جاتا ہے، تو عام طور سے اسے مضحکہ انگیز سمجھا گیا، لیکن عصبی المزاجی کے مریض رفتہ رفتہ سگمنڈ فرائڈ کی طرف رجوع کرنے لگے، ان میں بعض ایسے تھے، جو جانوروں سے غیر معمولی طور سے خوفزدہ رہتے تھے یا گفتگو میں ہکلاتے تھے، یا تھوڑی تھوڑی دیر کے بعد اپنے ہاتھوں کو پانی سے دھوتے رہتے تھے، یا سر کے درد یا کسی اور بیماری میں مدتوں سے مبتلا رہتے تھے، یا ان کے ہاتھ اور پاؤں مفلوج تھے، ان میں سے اکثر جنون کی حد تک پہنچ چکے تھے، فرائڈ ان تمام امراض کا علاج نفسیاتی طریقہ سے کرنا چاہتا تھا، مگر اس سے اس کو اب تک واقفیت نہیں ہوئی تھی۔
اس قسم کے امراض کا علاج عموماً مصنوعی نیند کے ذریعہ سے کیا جاتا تھا، ایک دن فرائڈ کے ایک دوست ڈاکٹر جوزف بردار نے اس سے اپنی ایک مریضہ کا واقعہ بیان کیا، مریضہ کی عمر اکیس سال تھی، اس کا باپ ایک مہلک مرض میں مبتلا تھا، وہ اس کی تیمارداری کرتی تھی، کہ ایک دن اس کے داہنے ہاتھ اور دونوں پیروں میں فالج گرگیا، ڈاکٹر مذکور نے مصنوعی نیند کی حالت میں مریضہ سے مختلف سوالات کئے، اس سے مرض کے تمام علامات ظاہر ہوتے گئے، تیمارداری کے زمانہ میں لڑکی نے اپنی بہت سی خواہشوں کو...

پاکستانی معاشرے میں تاخیر سے شادیوں کا اسلامی نقطہ نظر سےجائزہ

Family is the basic unit of human society which forms in the shape of marriage between a couple. Historically, all human civilizations and religions have cared for the union between Man and woman by constituting norms and rules right from the solemnization till the death of any partner of the union. Similarly, the religion of Islam has provided all sort of guidance in this regard keeping in view the natural sensations of humans for cohabitation and making their lives pure as well as chaste. Generally, Islam does not encourage late or delayed marriages rather it incites its followers to marry at appropriate time after adulthood. However, nowadays trend of late and delayed marriages is getting popularity in our Pakistani society which is a point of deliberation for the social scientists and Muslim scholars. The current paper deals with this topic to elaborate its causes and suggests means for tackling in the light of Islamic instructions.

Reducing Aggression in Children Through a School-Based Coping Power Program

Aggression is a characteristic feature of many psychiatric disorders (e.g., conduct disorder, impulse control disorders and some personality disorders). Despite the tremendous work in evidence based practices for childhood behavior problems, and efficacy of the cognitive behavioral interventions for aggressive, disruptive and conduct problems in Western countries, there was an extreme scarcity in Pakistan for empirical support for such interventions. The present research aims to culturally adapt, implement and evaluate a cognitive behavioral intervention program (Coping Power Program) for 15 Pakistani school children with aggressive problems. This represents the very first intervention study conducted in Pakistan for the reduction of child aggression. The Coping Power program is an indicated prevention program for at-risk aggressive children, and had demonstrated short and long-term effects on antisocial outcomes. The present research consists of three studies. Study-I designed for cultural adaptation and translation of Coping Power Program (CPP) -child component and outcome measures, according to a heuristic model proposed by Barrera and Castro (2006). Cultural mismatches were identified in the content and structure of the CPP with main focus to maintain the core contents of the program. Islamic concepts and teachings with cultural elements were added in the adapted version of CPP. A pilot test was conducted for CPP adapted Urdu version and outcome measures. A sample of 37 fourth and fifth grade boys, with their parents and teachers participated in the study. Five at risk aggressive boys participated in Coping Power intervention group condition. The results indicated moderate to good reliability in all outcome measures, and CPP adapted version was considered as an effective intervention program to implement on Pakistani children with some modifications. Pilot testing of CPP demonstrated improvements in targeted aggressive boys. Study-II is designed to evaluate the contextual social cognitive model of aggression, which serves as a conceptual framework for the Coping Power Program. Initially 859 fourth grade boys were screened out to identify the aggression severity group (nonaggressive, moderately aggressive and severely aggressive children). 401 children (Mean age =9.44, SD=0.50) were identified as potential participants (180 nonaggressive, 100 moderately aggressive, and 121 severely aggressive). Four domains 16 (self-regulation, social and cognitive competencies, school bonding, and parenting practices) were assessed with Urdu translated outcome measures. Results indicated significant differences among all groups; severely aggressive children exhibited elevated levels of reactive and proactive aggression, poor social cognitive processes, and experienced more corporal punishment from parents as compared to the other groups. Peer rejection was also linked with severe behavior problems and social cognitive processes of the moderately aggressive and severely aggressive children. Study-III was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of abbreviated version of Coping Power Program (25 Child group sessions in adapted version). The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which CPP is capable of reducing behavior problems and improving prosocial and competent behavior in children, when delivered in a different culture i.e., Pakistan. With randomized control trial (RCT) of pre- and post-testing, 112 fourth grade boys were allocated to Coping Power intervention condition (n=51) and control condition (n=61). Intervention took place during the fifth grade year, at the time of transition to middle school. Pre- and post-treatment were collected from child, parent and teacher to assess the intervention effects. Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVAs) were used in order to adjust the intervention effects for scores on the baseline measures. Within group analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were further used to explain the interaction effects which were significant in ANCOVAs. Effect sizes are calculated for both groups independently, i.e., between groups and within subjects. Results showed significant differences in measures of all domains. A significant reduction was found in aggression, and impulsivity for the intervention group as compared to the control group. Boys who 17 received Coping Power Program intervention also showed improvements in behavior, social skills and social cognitive processes, with better anger control and problem solving strategies in comparison to control children. The study provides preliminary evidence supporting the effectiveness of Coping Power Program for Pakistani children. Despite its limitations, the results of this study are promising, and suggest that CPP is an effective intervention to reduce behavior problems and promote healthy and positive behavior in children, even when implemented in different contexts with greater potential for violence exposure. The implications are discussed for the implementation of strategies aimed at preventing aggressive behavior in school.
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