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احسان دانشؔ

احسان دانش
کچھ عرصہ سے اس برصغیر کی اردو شاعری کے آسمان پر سیاہ بادل برابر چھائے ہوئے ہیں، فراق گورکھپوری اور جوش ملیح آبادی کے بعد احسان دانش، حفیظ جالندھری اور اب نشور واحدی اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے۔
ان کی رحلت سے اردو شعر و ادب کے قصر کی رنگارنگی میں بڑی کمی پیدا ہوگئی ہے، احسان دانش نے اپنی زندگی ایک پریشان حال مزدور کی حیثیت سے شروع کی، لیکن اپنی وفات سے پہلے اردو شاعری کے ایک تاجدار تسلیم کرلیے گئے تھے، ۱۹۴۷؁ء سے پہلے وہ اعظم گڑھ کے مشاعروں میں برابر آتے رہے، اس وقت تک ان کے کلام کے مجموعوں میں نفیر فطرت، جادہ نو، چراغاں، درد زندگی، نوائے کارگر، آتش خاموش حدیث ادب اور گورستان وغیرہ چھپ چکے تھے، مشاعرہ کے اسٹیج پر آتے تو ان کے چہرہ سے ان کی زندگی کی سادگی اور پریشانی ظاہر ہوتی، مگر کلام سناتے تو ان کے خیالات کی پرکاری اور رعنائی سے سامعین متاثر ہوکر محسوس کرتے کہ وہ اپنی شاعری میں جادو نو پر چل رہے ہیں، غزلیں سناتے تو تغزل کا چراغاں کرکے درد زندگی کے راز پنہاں کو عیاں کرتے، ان کی زندگی زیادہ تر پریشانیوں میں گزری، مگر وہ آتش خاموش بن کر ایک شاعر کا حق ادا کرتے رہے، اسی لیے ان کی سخنوری نوائے کارگر اور حدیث ادب بنی رہی، ان کی مشق سخن کی کہانی ان ہی کی زبانی یہ ہے کہ جب ان پر جذبہ شاعری طاری ہوتا وہ اپنی روح میں التہاب پاتے اور جب شعر سپرد قلم کردیتے تو محسوس کرتے کہ الفاظ میں، کاغذ پر، دائروں، لفظوں، مرکزوں اور پیوندوں کے نیچے ان کی روح دبتی چلی جارہی ہے، اور جب کوئی نظم پایہ تکمیل کو پہنچ جاتی تو اپنی روح کو سبک اور آرام طلب پاتے، پھر وہ میٹھی نیند...

اسلام میں عدل کی اہمیت

Islam is an institution of justice and moderation. It is a straight path and the Muslim fraternity is the nation which practices moderation and justice. The Islamic system is based on justice. If there are tears for the oppressed then there are swords for the oppressors. Allah do command you to render back your Trusts to those to whom they are due; and when ye judge between man and man, that ye judge with justice: verily how excellent is the teaching which He gives you! For Allah is He Who hears and sees all things." [Quran 4: 58] Allah says in the Qur'an: “Allah commands justice, the doing of good, and liberality to kith and kin, and He forbids all shameful deeds, and injustice and rebellion: He instructs you, that you may receive admonition.” (Surah An-Nahl: 90) Establishing justice is the law of Allah. It is part of the balance which Allah has created. In Surah Ar-Rahman, Allah describes how He has created a balance of justice, and why as we discussed earlier, There are times when people do wrong in this world and get away with it. Sometimes, criminals commit crimes, and no one brings them to account. There are times when wrongdoers commit their evil deeds in the darkness of night, and no one witnesses their crime, other than their Creator. As Allah Himself created the balance of justice as His law in this world, Allah will not allow any injustice to happen, without bringing that person to account. Those matters which are not resolved in this world, Allah will deal with them in the hereafter…on the Day of Judgment. Every one of us was created by Allah, and every one of us will return to Him for final judgment. Allah's creatures cannot exceed the limits and the unlawful rights which the Creator has set for them.

In Vitro Regeneration and Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of Soybean Glycine Max L.

Agrobacterium mediated transformation of soybean has successfully been achieved. However, the efficiency is usually low indicating that Agrobacterium mediated transformation of soybean demands optimization of more suitable conditions for transfer of T-DNA from plasmid to plant cell; beside these constraints; transformation is also dependent upon plant genotype, Agrobacterium strain and type of plasmid. Present investigation was aimed to find suitable regeneration protocol for two soybean cultivars, NARC-4 and NARC-7 and to standardize some transformation conditions. Based on optimized regeneration and transformation scheme, LFY gene, for early flowering and rol genes (A, B & C) for enhanced rooting were introduced in soybean genome. For transfer of LFY gene EHA105 harboring pROKIILFYGUSintnptII and for rol gene, LBA4404 harboring pLBR were used. Cotyledonary node method was found suitable for direct organogenesis of soybean NARC-4 and NARC-7 cultivars. However, presence of different plant growth regulators in media resulted in variation in number of shoot produced, shoot length and in percentage response. Statistical analysis reveals that BAP resulted in higher frequency of shoot regeneration and number of shoots per explant while mean shoot length was found higher when ZTR was used in the medium. Out of both soybean cultivars, NARC-4 showed better response than NARC-7. For standardization of transformation conditions, different parameters were studied. It was observed that explant cutting in Agro-suspension culture and infection for 1hr resulted in the highest GUS expression (48.3% and 55.9%, respectively). While 5 days co-cultivation resulted in 55.17% GUS response and washing for 2hr in washing medium containing 1g/L cefotaxime was better. It was found that 30mg/L kanamycin was sufficient in selection medium. At this concentration number of GUS positive shoots were maximum (63.6% response). The overall percentage transformation efficiency of both soybean cultivars NARC- 4 and NARC-7 was 24.16% and 15.71% respectively, when tested at best conditions. 11Soybean cultivar NARC-4 was used for transformation of LFY and rol genes. EHA 105 containing LFY gene along with GUS as reporter and nptII as selectable marker showed transformation efficiency 2.2%. Only 4 plants were recovered and confirmed for presence of LFY gene by PCR. These plants were highly dwarfed with small leaves and short nodal distance. Early flowering was observed by these transforments. The flowers turned brown and died after few days. Few of them turned into pods but no seed formation was observed. All the rol transforments produced enhanced rooting as compared to control plants. However, plants morphology varied depending upon rol gene. RolA transforments were small in size and mildly shrubby with ovate to elliptical leaf shape while rolC transforments were also dwarf with divided stem at the base with ovate to slightly globular leaf shape. Soybean rolB transformed plants showed variation in morphology. These plants were dwarf to shrubby with variation in leaf shape. The shrubby plants had reduced nodal distance with a little more zigzag pattern as compared to non-transformed plants. Rol transforments produced flowers in less time period as compared to control plants. These flowers converted into pods and set seeds. PCR analysis confirmed presence of respective gene in these plants. Southern blot analysis confirmed insertion of T-DNA in soybean genome as single copy number to multiple copies in rol gene transforments. In this study rol and LFY genes were efficiently introduced in soybean cultivar NARC-4 after optimization of regeneration and some transformation conditions.
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