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Mīthāq Al-Madīnah: A Universal Charter of Peace an Analytical Study in the Modern Socio-Political Context

Different religious, political and social leaders tried their best to establish peace and prosperity in the society in different phases of the human history. An influential effort out of these efforts is that of the Prophet (r) Muḥammad. The Prophet (r) faced a pluralistic society of different faiths and religions in Madīnah. So, to make a better relationship and establish peace between the Muslims and the other communities of Madīnah, an agreement, which is called Mīthāq al-Madīnah, was made. Mīthāq al-Madīnah was not only a deed, but it presents all those principles and regulations, which were mandatory for peace building in a state or society. The excellent aspect of this charter is that the recipients of this charter were not the Muslims only, but a pluralistic society of different faiths. These communities were bound to establish peace with an agreement. This charter is an excellent model of peace, prosperity, freedom and human rights. According to this charter, all the parties were free with their religious beliefs and social interests. It was also the constitution of Madīnah. The renowned Muslim scholars are unanimously agreed that it was the first written constitution of the world. This agreement provides all other communities of Madīnah (the Jews, the Christians, and the polytheists) equal rights and freedom. Consequently, the charter of Madīnah can become a base for enduring peace and peaceful coexistence in a pluralistic world for the sake of the welfare of the human beings.

Effects of Green Silver Nano Particles on the Resistence Gram Negavtive Bacteria

Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium are the type of gram negative bacteria that can cause different healthcare associated infections. Silver nanoparticles are considered to be used in various applications against bacteria that are opposed to to common antibiotics or even multidrug resistant bacteria as the E. coli and S. typhimurium. In this study, the facile methodology is used for the synthesis of tetracycline capped AgNPs as reducing and capping agent. The formation of the AgNPs was examined by UV?Vis spectroscopy. This characterization confirmed the formation of AgNPs by exciting the surface Plasmon resonance at 407 nm. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) further inveterate the face centered cubic structure in pure phase. This work was also evaluated the antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles against examined bacterial strains as E. coli and S. typhimurium resistant to large number of antibiotics. Regarding antibacterial susceptibility tests, studied bacterial strains showed great sensitivity for synthesized silver nanoparticles. These activities were dose dependent when compared to tetracycline. By using well diffusion method a considerable Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) towards bacterial strains were observed. This high antibacterial potential can be utilized against others lethal pathological bacterial strain for future pharmaceutical products. Moreover, these findings could also pave the way for further investigations such as against sewerage water and waste material reduction.
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