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حد ودکی اقسام

حد ودکی اقسام
حدود کو مندرجہ ذیل دو حصوں میں تقسیم کیا جاتا ہے:
1۔معاملات میں حدود
اس قسم میں معاشرت ، معیشت ، نکاح، طلاق، کھانے پینے ، رہن سہن اور دیگر معاملات میں حدود مقرر کی گئی ہیں جیسا کہ علامہ زبیدی لکھتے ہیں
"فَحُدُودُ اللّهِ عزّ وجلّ ضَرْبَانِ ضَرْبٌ منها حُدودٌ !حدَّها للنّاسِ في مَطَاعِمِهم ومَشارِبِهم ومَنَاكِحِهِم وغيرها ممّا أَحَلّ وحَرَّم"۔ 58
"حدود اللہ کی دو اقسام ہیں۔ ایک تو ایسی حدود جو لوگوں کے لیے ان کے ماکولات ، مشروبات اور مناکحات وغیرہ میں بسبب حلال اور حرام متعین کی گئی ہیں ۔ "
قرآن مجید میں انہی معاملات کے بارے میں آیا ہے، جیسا کہ اس آیت مبارکہ میں حرام مال کا تذکرہ کر کے اسے کھانے سے منع فرمایا جا رہا ہے :
﴿ِ إنَّ الَّذِينَ يَأْكُلُونَ أَمْوَالَ الْيَتَامَى ظُلْمًا إِنَّمَا يَأْكُلُونَ فِي بُطُونِهِمْ نَارًا وَسَيَصْلَوْنَ سَعِيرًا۔ ﴾59
"بے شک جو لوگ یتیموں کا مال ناجائز طور پر کھاتے ہیں وہ اپنے پیٹوں میں آگ بھرتے ہیں اور دوزخ میں ڈالے جائیں گے۔ "
اس آیت مبارکہ میں نکاح کے بارے میں فرمایا کہ اپنی ماں سے نکاح نہیں ہوتا۔
﴿وَلَا تَنْكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آَبَاؤُكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ إِنَّهُ كَانَ فَاحِشَةً وَمَقْتًا وَسَاءَ سَبِيلًا۔ ﴾60
"اور جن عورتوں سے تمہارے باپ نے نکاح کیا ہو ان سے نکاح مت کرنا مگر(جاہلیت میں ) جو ہو چکا (سو ہو چکا) بے شک یہ نہایت بے حیائی اور (اللہ کی) ناخوشی کی بات تھی اور بہت برا طریقہ تھا۔ "
2۔ عقوبات میں حدود
ایسی سزائیں جو اللہ اور اس کے رسولﷺ نے بعض جرائم پر مقرر فرمائی ہیں۔ یہ حدود کی دوسری قسم ہے۔ ان عقوبات سے متعلق ابن منظور تحریر کرتے ہیں
"والضَّرْب الثانِي عُقوباتٌ جُعِلَتْ لمنْ رَكِبَ ما نَهَى عنْه ، كحَدّ السّارِق"61
"دوسری وہ...

Educational Philosophy Imam Al-Ghazali’s Perspective

Islam is a divine religion. It is based on divine revelation (Holy Quran) and sunnah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ. As a religion it is a complete code of life. It does not deal with worships only but addresses all fields of life. Like Beliefs and worship, Islam focuses on education also. As a last and chosen religion, it motivates human beings to seek knowledge. The first word of the first revelation (Chapter Al-alaq) starts with Iqra means Read. In first five ayat of chapter Al-alaq, the basic requirement for enhance of education (Read, knowledge and pen) have been mentioned six times. Similarly, the Holy Prophet r took many steps for imparting education. In this connection, the example of first residential university (Suffa’h) is sufficient. Imam Ghazali one of the most famous Muslim thinkers discusses the education in his books in detail. He was born in 448 AH (1057 CE) at Tabaran a town in the district of Tus, which lies within the Khorasan Province of Iran and died on 18 December (1111 CE). In this article knowledge, its classification, stages, curriculum, art of teaching, responsibility of both teachers as well as students have been discussed in the light of Imam Ghazali educational philosophy.

Bandwith Enhancement of Patch Antenna Through Various Methods for Satellite Communication

The microstrip patch antennas have made a great progress in the last few decades as they have enormous advantages as compared to traditional antennas. These antennas have attractive features like the low profile, small dimensions, low volume, very light weight, economical, conformable to the planer and non-planer surfaces and easy to fabricate. They occupy a very small volume during installation. They are manufactured very inexpensively and easily using modern printed circuit technology. However, a few major limitations of these microstrip patch antennas (MSPA) include low gain, very low impedance bandwidth and low efficiency. The future patch antennas for 5G and satellite applications need to have a wide band, large gain and high efficiency due to the increased use of internet streaming. A novel MSPA, that includes the effect of parasitic patches, radiated fractal patch structure with the influence of defected ground structure (DGS) and air cavities in the material of the substrate for achieving both wide impedance bandwidth and high efficiency, is proposed in this research. The radiated patch element is excited by a coaxial feeding line. The antenna is designed on Preperm L450 (lossy) substrate material with permittivity 4.5 and with loss tangent 0.0005. It is observed that the proposed design of 18.6 × 10.4mm2 structure achieves a very encouraging performance of wide bandwidth, high gain, stable radiation and high efficiency in the given operating range of electromagnetic spectrum. The return loss of 44.81dB has been achieved at the centre frequency of 13.16GHz by the proposed broadband MSPA.???? equals to 1.01 has been obtained at the centre frequency. The maximum radiation efficiency of 100% at the frequency of 13.35-14.11GHz and maximum total efficiency of 97.18% at the frequency of 13.5GHz has been achieved. The maximum gain of 7.03dBi has occurred at the frequency of 27GHz. The proposed design has obtained wide fractional bandwidth of 132.44%. This wide bandwidth of 17.43GHZ ranges from 12.7 to 30.13GHz. The values of VSWR are less than 2 in the entire operating band. These qualities of high gain, wider bandwidth and higher efficiency make the proposed novel antenna an excellent candidate to work in the ??, ? and ??-bands.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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