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نعت

ہنجو روواں یار دی خاطر
اس مدنی سرکارؐ دی خاطر
قاصد بنے رسولؐ پیغمبر
سوہنے اس دربار دی خاطر
ظاہر ہویا جگ تے آ کے
رب سوہنے دل دار دی خاطر
نورِ محمد ظاہر ہویا
اس دنیا گلزار دی خاطر
روندے رہے وچ غار حرا دے
اس امت گنہگار دی خاطر
دشمن دا وی پچھنا کردے
ٹُر گئے گھر بیمار دی خاطر
یار بلایا عرشاں اُتّے
اپنے خاص پیار دی خاطر
سجدے وچوں سر نہ چایا
اس حسینؑ سوار دی خاطر

PENERAPAN TEORI KONSTRUKTIVIS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN

Constructivism is the basis for thinking of a contextual approach, namely that knowledge is built not a set of facts, concepts, or rules that are ready to be remembered. Students must construct that knowledge and give meaning through real experience. Students need to be accustomed to solving problems, finding something useful for themselves, and struggling with ideas. The teacher will not be able to give all knowledge to students. Students must construct knowledge in their own minds. Knowledge is not static, but is constantly evolving and changing as students construct new experiences that force them to base themselves and modify previous knowledge. Learning must be packaged into the process of constructing knowledge rather than receiving knowledge. In the learning process, students build their own knowledge through active involvement in the learning and teaching process. Students become the center of activities, not teachers. Critical thinking is an attempt by someone to check the truth of information using the availability of evidence, logic, and awareness of bias. Critical thinking skills are the cognitive processes of students in analyzing systematically and specifically the problems faced, distinguishing these problems carefully and thoroughly, as well as identifying and reviewing information to plan problem solving strategies.

Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Plant Species of Pakistan

Five methanol extracts from four different plant species [Salvia nubicola B. (Laminiaceae), Hedera nepalensis K. (Araliaceae) Acer oblongifolium D. (Aceraceae) and Sorbaria tomentosa L. (Rosaceae)] were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity (by antibacterial and antifungal assays), toxicity activities (by brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay, radish seed phytotoxicity assay), antitumor activity (by potato disc assay) and antioxidant activities (by DPPH scavenging assay, ABTS+ assay, DNA protection assay and TBARS). Leaf and stem extract of A. oblongifolium exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all pathogenic strains tested, while none of the extract presented any antifungal activity against six pathogenic strains tested. Two of the five extracts (L+S) A. oblongifolium and (L+S) H. nepalensis revealed significant ED50 value i.e. 47.7 ppm and 226.8 ppm respectively in case of brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay. Growth inhibition was observed by all extracts in radish seed bioassay at high concentration (10,000 ppm). At low concentration (1000 ppm) three extracts from two plant species (leaves and flower extract of S. nubicola, stem extract of S. nubicola and stem extract of H. nepalensis) presented stimulation of growth ranging from 3.5 to 43.2%. Inhibition of tumor formation ranged from 9 to 82.9% by all extracts in antitumor potato disc assay at three different concentrations tested (1000, 100, and 10 ppm). A positive correlation was observed in the results of three of the described assays (toxicity assays i.e. brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay and phytotoxicity assay and antitumor potato disc assay). Four methanol extracts from three selected plant species i.e. Salvia nubicola (Lamiaceae), Acer oblongifoium (Aceraceae) and Hedera nepalensis (Araliaceae)) were screened for their antioxidant potential. Antioxidant activities were investigated in aqueous system by using DPPH scavenging assay, ABTS+ radical scavenging assay and DNA protection assay while in lipid system by using TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Total phenolic contents were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methanol extract of leaf and flower of S. nubicola showed the highest trolox equivalent values in case of DPPH scavenging assay i.e. 2484.08 ± 4.9 as well as total phenolic contents i.e. 342.08 ± 19.8. Fractionation of methanol extract of S. nubicola by semi-preparative HPLC yielded three fractions (A, B and C). Fraction B was found to be the most active in DPPH scavenging assay with highest phenolic contents as estimated by using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent. Analytical scale HPLC and LC-MS results revealed presence of rosmarinic acid in fraction B of S. nubicola while chlorogenic acid and rutin were identified as major antioxidants in methanol extract of H. nepalensis.
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