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حدیقۃ العجائب

حدیقۃ العجائب

التحریر چوک کے ایک حصے میں ایک بڑی اور عالی شان عمارت ایستادہ تھی میں نے  دکتور محمود سے پوچھا یہ کیا ہے بولے ھذاٰ حدیقۃ العجائب ۔عجائب گھر پر نگاہ ڈالی تو مسافر کے دل میں تحریر چوک کی قدرو منزلت سوا ہو گئی جہاں عصرِ حاضر کے مصری نوجوان بہتر مستقبل کے لیے عصری فرعونوں سے نبرد آزما ہوتے ہیں اور ماضی کے فرعونوں کو بہ طور عبرت اپنی آغوش میں جگہ دی ہے ۔ عجائب گھر میں داخلے کے لیے ٹکٹ لینا ضروری تھا ۔مسافر کو اہلِ فراعنہ کی لاشوں اور لکی ایرانی سرکس کے جانوروں میںکوئی فرق محسوس نہ ہوا سچ کہا میرے رب نے ’’اب تو ہم صرف تیر ی لاش بچائیں گے تاکہ تو بعد کی نسلوںکے لیے نشانِ عبرت بنے ‘‘۔

غیر ملکیوںکے لیے یہ ٹکٹ تین سو مصری پائونڈ کا تھا مصریوں کے لیے ایک سو پچاس جبکہ مصری طالب علموں کے لیے ساٹھ مصری پائونڈ ۔ دکتور محمود نے کوئی جگاڑ لگایااورہم بغیر ٹکٹ کے اندر داخل ہو گئے عجائب گھر کی مرکزی عمارت کے سامنے ایک بہت بڑے دالان میں کچھ ٹوٹے ہوئے اور خراب مجسمے رکھے گئے تھے ،ان کے درمیان میں پیادہ روشیں بنائی گئی تھیں یہ تما م پیادہ روشیں عجائب گھر کی مرکزی عمارت تک جا کر ایک بڑے رستے کی شکل اختیار کر لیتی ہیں ۔یہاں سے ہم سیڑھیاں چڑھے تو ایک خود کار مشین کے ذریعے تلاشی بھی لی گئی ۔صدر دروازے سے گزر کر ہم ایک بڑے ہال میں داخل ہوئے۔ جہاں اہل فراعنہ کے کئی میٹر طویل مجسمے اس انداز میں رکھے گئے تھے جیسے ان کا دربار لگا ہو اور امورِ سلطنت پر اجلاس جاری ہو ۔میں نے ایک قوی ہیکل فرعونی مجسمے کے قریب جا کر دکتور محمود کوکہا...

Agile Practices and Intention to Stay: Mediation Effects Through Job Characteristics

Agile methods of software development have been used widely over the last decade, and the majority of organizations have now embraced them in their projects. Thus, the current study explored the positive influence of agile practices on individuals' intentions to stay at their employment. In accordance with this objective, the study looked at the role of job characteristics in mediating the association between agile methods and intention to stay. A sample of 486 employees was contacted through online survey using the Google Forms platforms during the period of September 2021 who practice the agile methods while working at their organizations. They provided data on the questionnaires of agile practices, job characteristics, and intention to stay. Findings postulated that agile practices have significant impact on employees’ intention to stay. Results further reported the significant mediation through job characteristics between agile practices and intention to stay. Findings showed that the job when is designed on feedback, skill variety, job autonomy, task identity and task significance mediate an impact of practising agile methods on intention to stay.

Islolation and Characterization of Plant Based Pesticides

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Based Pesticides With the pace of constant population growth, the demand for sufficient and safer food is continuously increasing around the globe. On the other hand, global loss to crops due to pests, diseases and weeds is significantly high, warranting excessive use of pesticides, threatning environmnet and food safety. The most frequently used pesticides are synthetic posing several associated pre and post application problems such as residual toxicity that results in compromising the safety of food and causing insect resistance. An alternative approach may be to utilize plant’s secondary metabolites that plants actually synthesize in their defense against pests and pathogens. The major aim of current research study was, therefore, to identify, isolate, and characterize at biochemical and molecular level the potent insecticidal compounds from plant sources. To achieve this aim, seven plants namely Cinnamomum camphora, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Isodon rugosus, Boenninghausenia albiflora, Calotropis procera, Daphne mucronata, and Tagetes minuta were selected. The crude and purified extracts of each of these plants were used to screen for their toxic effects against six economically important agricultural pests, each representing a separate insect order; Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera), Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera), Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera), Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera) and Bactrocera zonata (Diptera). Aphids were the most susceptible insects with 100% mortality observed after 24 h for all the plant extracts tested. Further bioassays with lower concentrations of the plant extracts against aphids revealed that the extracts from Isodon rugosus (Lamiaceae) (LC50 36.2 ppm and LC90 102.1 ppm) and Daphne mucronata (Thymelaeaceae) (LC50 126.2 ppm and LC90 197.5 ppm) found out to be the most toxic to aphids, A. pisum. These most toxic and active plant extracts were further fractionated in different solvent fractions on polarity basis and their insecticidal activity was further evaluated. While all fractions showed considerable mortality in aphids, the most active was the butanol fraction from Isodon rugosus with an LC50 of 18 ppm and LC90 of 48.2 ppm. Further bioactivity guided fractionation of the butanol fraction results in isolation of bioactive principle compound that was identified through various spectroscopic techniques as rosmarinic acid with LC50 0.2 ppm and LC90 5.4 ppm. There was no significant difference between LCs of purified rosmarinic acid and of commercial rosmarinic acid. Further, two key genes, hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase and rosmarinic acid synthase, known to involve in biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid were targeted to clone from Isodon rugosus. Only one of these genes, hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase was successfully cloned in Isodon rugosus which consequently will open the way to explore all other genes responsible for biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid. The molecular knowledge regarding biosynthetic pathway will help in biotechnological production of rosmarinic acid and to produce aphid resistant plants through genetic engineering approaches. Considering the high mortality rate in aphids to a significantly low concentration of the rosmarinic acid from Isodon rugosus, could be exploited and further developed as a potential eco-friendly plant-based insecticide against sucking insect pests.
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