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شری مشرو والا

شری مشرو والا
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ گاندھی جی کے مشہور چیلے شری مشرو والا نے انتقال کیا، وہ ہریجن کے اڈیٹر اور گاندھی جی کے مشن کے سچے حامل و مبلغ تھے اور اس زمانہ میں جب کہ کانگریس اپنے اصولوں سے عملاً بالکل ہٹ گئی ہے اور کانگریسیوں کی اکثریت اقتدار کی ہوس، ذاتی اغراض اور فرقہ پرستی میں مبتلا ہے اور فرقہ پرستوں اور خود غرضوں کی قوت اتنی بڑھ گئی ہے کہ سچے کانگریسی بھی مشکل سے ان کے مقابلہ میں زبان کھولنے کی جرأت کرسکتے ہیں، مشرووالاجی اپنے اصولوں پر قائم تھے اور آخر دم تک نہایت دلیری کے ساتھ گانگریس کی غلط روی پر تنقید اور گاندھی جی کے اصولوں کی تبلیغ و اشاعت کا فرض انجام دیتے رہے انھوں نے ان کی تعلیمات پر متعدد کتابیں لکھی ہیں، اس خود غرضی اور فرقہ پرستی کے دور میں ایسے مخلص اور سچے کانگریسی کا اٹھ جانا ایک ناقابل تلافی نقصان ہے، ان کی موت سے متحدہ قومیت کا ایک بڑا ستون گرگیا، جس کی جگہ مدتوں نہ بھر سکے گی۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۵۲ء)

 

Desain didaktis berbasis Permainan Tradisional Engklek di Sekolah Dasar

Abstract This research motivated by the findings of learning obstacles experienced students in material around square. This is known based on the results of  test questions conducted during preliminary study to fourth grade elementary school students. To overcome  learning obstacles experienced by students, researchers will design a didactic design. The purpose of this study is to describe the didactic design on the material around square and describe the students' responses the implementation of didactic design. The didactic design can be interpreted  learning design that emphasizes the didactic aspect, namely the teacher's teaching method. This study uses method with a Didactical Design Research (DDR) research design consisting of three research stages, namely a prospective analysis of the didactic situation before learning (prospective analysis) in the form of a Hypothetical Didactic Design including ADP (Pedagogical Didactic Analysis), metapedadidactive analysis, and retrospective analysis (retrospective analysis), with data collection techniques used in the form of interviews, observations, and attitude scales. The research subjects were 26 students in grades IV and VI and 1 teacher for grade IV at SDN 1 Sindangrasa. Based on results of study, through application of the didactic design carried out in stages I and II,   can help overcome learning obstacles experienced by students in the material around a square. This is shown from the students' responses on the attitude scale, results of the LAS (Student Activity Sheet) work and interviews with teachers. In addition,   didactic design is able to create a fun and meaningful learning atmosphere for students. Keywords: learning obstacle, didactical design research, square, meaningful learning, LAS Abstrak Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya temuan learning obstacle  yang dialami siswa pada materi keliling persegi. Hal ini diketahui berdasarkan hasil soal tes yang dilakukan pada saat studi pendahuluan kepada siswa kelas IV Sekolah Dasar. Untuk mengatasi learning obstacle yang dialami siswa, peneliti akan merancang sebuah desain didaktis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan desain didaktis pada materi keliling persegi serta memaparkan respon siswa dan guru terhadap implementasi desain didaktis tersebut. Desain didaktis dapat diartikan sebagai desain pembelajaran yang lebih menekankan pada aspek didaktik yakni cara pengajaran guru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Didactical Design Research (DDR) yang terdiri dari tiga tahap penelitian, yakni analisis situasi didaktis sebelum pembelajaran (prospective analysis) berupa Desain Didaktis Hipotesis termasuk ADP (Analisis Didaktis Pedagogis), analisis metapedadidaktif, dan analisis retrospektif (retrospective analysis), dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan berupa wawancara, observasi, dan skala sikap. Subjek penelitian yaitu 26 siswa kelas IV dan VI serta 1 guru kelas IV SDN 1 Sindangrasa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, melalui penerapan desain didaktis yang dilakukan pada tahap I dan II dapat membantu mengatasi learning obstacle yang dialami siswa pada materi keliling persegi. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari respon siswa pada skala sikap, hasil pengerjaan LAS (Lembar Aktivitas Siswa) serta wawancara terhadap guru. Selain itu, desain didaktis mampu menciptakan suasana pembelajaran yang menyenangkan dan bermakna bagi siswa.  Kata kunci : hambatan belajar, desain didaktis, persegi, pembelajaran bermakna, LAS

Study of Hydrogel Based Controlled Release Drug Delivery System for Captopril and its In-Vitro, In-Vivo Evaluation

A foremost step towards controlled and targeted administration of therapeutic agents is development of new drug delivery systems. Oral administration is mostly preferred and desired as a non-invasive mean of providing drug at controlled rate. In present research work, hydrogels were prepared for controlled release of captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used for the treatment of hypertension. Three types of hydrogel formulations were prepared by different proportions of polymers and monomers. A chemical crosslinking method, free radical polymerization was selected for synthesis of polymeric networks, involving use of thermostatic water bath as well as induction by microwave radiations. A microwave assisted hydrogel synthesis, was used for preparation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-graft-poly(vinyl alcohol)-co-poly(acrylic acid) copolymeric network. N,N-methylenebisacrylamide and potassium persulfate (KPS) were used as crosslinking agent and initiator, respectively. Formulations with same combinations of polymers and monomers were also prepared by utilizing conventional thermostatic water bath. The hydrogels obtained by these techniques were compared with each other in terms of morphological properties, swelling ratios, drug loading and drug release behavior. The hydrogel formulations were also prepared by crosslinking of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1- propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylic acid with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). These hydrogels had shown higher ability to absorb and retain aqueous solutions and solute particles. Another type of polymeric network was synthesized under influence of microwaves radiations, with lower initiator concentration, by crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS). They have ability to exhibit relatively higher swelling behavior at pH 2 in comparison to pH 7.4 and have gastro retentive characteristics. Due to their massive swelling tendencies, these could be retained in stomach and unable to pass through next segment of gastrointestinal tract. Thus, after oral administration of captopril loaded hydrogels, they could have ability to release drug continuously at acidic pH of stomach, in a control manner for longer time periods. The results of drug release are according to swelling powers of formed copolymeric hydrogels. 6 All types of hydrogel formulations prepared were evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo analytical procedures. The in-vitro characterization was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling properties, drug loading and release. The drug release was evaluated by the application of zero order kinetics, first order kinetics, Higuchi model, Korsmayer-Peppas model and Weibull model. The hydrogels selected on the basis of their in-vitro evaluation were subjected to in-vivo characterization. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, with UV detector was utilized for in-vivo characterization. The study was performed on twenty four rabbits and liquid-liquid extraction procedure was used for separation of captopril from plasma samples. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by kinetica (version 5.0). The maximum concentration (Cmax) of captopril was reduced while time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) was increased by hydrogels in comparison to control (free drug enclosed in hard gelatin capsules). The values of area under curve AUC (calculated by trapezoidal rule) and elimination half-life were higher for controlled release hydrogel formulations than control. The drug could be available for longer periods of time after administration of captopril loaded hydrogels, maintaining optimum concentration in blood, exerting its efficacious effects as an antihypertensive therapeutic agent.
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