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فصل دوم: آیاتِ استفہام میں فہم ایمانیات

ایمان لانے کے بعد انسان پر سب سے پہلے عبادت کا ادا کرنا لازم ہے ہر مذہب میں عبادت کا ایک خاص طریقہ ہوتا ہے جو مخصوص طریقے کے ساتھ ادائیگی کا حکم دیا جاتا ہے اسی طرح اسلام میں بھی نماز، روزہ، حج اور زكوة عبادات کی مختلف طرق ہیں اصل عبادت کی غایت یہ ہے کہ معبود صرف اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ ہی کو ماننا ، صرف اسی کی عبادت کرنا ہر چیز میں اسی سے مدد طلب کرنا اسی کو حاجت روا اور مشکل کشا سمجھنا اسی کو مالک، خالق اور رب تسلیم کرنا اسی سے التجاء کرنا، ہر چیز کے لئے اسی کو پکارنا اور یہ یقین رکھنا کہ اللہ کے سوا کسی کے دائرہ اختیار میں کوئی چیز نہیں ہے اگر وہ نفع پہنچانا چاہے تو اسے کوئی روکنے والا نہیں ہے اور اگر ضرر پہنچائے تو اس کو کوئی ہٹانے والا نہیں ہے ہر طرح کی عبادت مثلاً قیام، رکوع، سجدہ صرف اسی کے لئے خاص ہے اور کسی اور کے سامنے جھکنا جائز نہیں۔

 انسانوں سے اللہ تعالیٰ نے انکی تخلیق سے پہلے ایک وعدہ لیا تھا جس کا ذکر قرآن مجید میں یوں مذکور ہے:

"اَلَسْتُ بِرَبِّكُمْ، قَالُوْا بَلٰي، شَہِدْنَا"۔[[1]]

" کیا میں تمہارا رب نہیں ہوں؟ اس وقت سب نے یہ کہا کیوں نہیں اے ہمارے رب!"۔

 سب نے اس وقت اللہ کی ربوبیت کا اقرار کیا تھا گویا کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی ربوبیت کا اقرار و اعتراف انسانوں کی فطرت میں داخل اور انکے وجدان میں شامل ہے۔

اللہ تعالیٰ کی ربوبیت کا مطلب اور اس کا تقاضا کیا ہے ؟اسکے جواب کے بارے میں بشیر احمد لودھی یوں رقمطراز ہیں:

 " انسان ازخود پیدا نہیں...

From the Chief Editor's Desk

Medical journals are a credible source of disseminating research and innovations, and Launching a medical journal is a challenging task. Many medical science journals are establishing a platform to publish quality research but still the task is tough and requires perseverance and hard work. Shalamar Medical and Dental College (SMDC) Lahore, strives to promote a culture of research. As part of this initiative, SMDC had launched ‘Medical Journal of Sakina Begum Institute’, but publication of the second volume was delayed due to the pandemic. Moreover, the name of the journal had to be changed due to some administrative issues. However, the committed editorial team was successful in bringing efforts for the latest issue to fruition.

Analysis of Morphological and Genetic Variation and Clonal Propagation of Guava

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a luscious and important tropical fruit crop. It belongs to the family Myrtaceae; is ever green and hardiest among all the tropical fruit trees and exceeds most other fruit crops in productivity and adaptability and is richest source of vitamin C. The research studies were carried out at Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agricultural, Faisalabad and the objectives to determine guava genetic diversity using morphological and DNA markers based approaches and to develop vegetative propagation system to avoid clonal degradation of guava. Tree parameters like growth habit, leaf shape, flowering, fruit and seed was recorded in two districts Faisalabad and Sheikhupura according to the plant descriptor. Ten plants from each accession of guava were selected for tree, leaf, fruit, flower and seed morphological analysis. Data was registered from 25 leaves/flowers/fruits/seed per accession. 15 to 20 young leaves per accession of guava were collected for DNA extraction following CTAB protocol. The extracted DNA was subjected to SSR analysis. For clonal propagation softwood cuttings from five year old trees were prepared from the tips of current season growth. IBA (0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm) was used to treat cuttings for root induction. The data collected was subjected to different statistical software. During the survey 37 accessions of guava were collected from two major growing areas of district Faisalabad and Sheikhupura for phenotypic genetic variation analysis. Multivariate analysis principal component indicated high diversity for accessions Mota gola, Khata gola, Rough gola, Bangladeshi gola and Surahi in district Faisalabad and Mota gola, Larkana gola, Desi gola, Gola and Sadabahar gola were most diverse accessions in district Sheikhupura. The combined analysis of accessions of both districts indicated Mota gola (SKP), Mota gola (FSD) belonging two different orchards, Bangladeshi gola (FSD), Rough gola (FSD), Surahi (FSD), Moti surahi (SKP), Gola (SKP) and Gola (SKP) (belonging two different orchards) as most divergent accessions. Among tree parameters like, young shoot color, fully developed leaf shape of tips, fully developed leaf shape of base, fully developed leaf color, fully developed leaf curvature in cross section, thickness of outer flesh in relation to core diameter, fruit length, fruit width, fruit juiciness, fruit length of stalk, fruit length/width ratio, fruit relief of surface, fruit size of sepal, fruit sweetness, fruit diameter of calyx cavity in relation xvito that of fruit and fruit ridged collar around calyx cavity and seed size was the most diverse phenotypic markers for guava accessions identification. The phenotypic and genotypic based dendrograms grouped guava accessions into two main groups and many sub groups and sub groups. High diversity was found in all accessions especially Mota gola (SKP) was the most diverse phenotype among all accessions of both districts and Gola (SKP) had most diverse genotype on genetic basis. Sadabahar gola (SKP), Gola (SKP), Gola (FSD), Choti surahi (SKP) and Surahi (FSD) were found quite phenotypic diverse accessions in morphological analysis, and Bangladeshi gola (FSD), Lal gola (FSD), Larkana gola (FSD), Gola (SKP), Moti surahi (SKP) and Sadabahar gola (SKP) were quite genetically diverse accessions on the basis of genetic markers variation analysis. As for as clonal propagation is concerned highly significant results were obtained for all the parameters (number of rooted cuttings, sprouting % age, average number of roots per cuttings, average root length (cm) and survival % age) and all concentrations (0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm) for rooting of softwood cuttings treated with IBA and NAA. Highly significant results were obtained with 4000 ppm IBA and 2000 ppm of NAA and IBA performed the best for rooting of softwood cuttings in comparison with NAA. This study revealed the great potential of morphological and genetic variation and clonal propagation technique in guava. However, a comprehensive and detailed inventory for documentation of all guava accessions, supported with gene banks and also an annexed crop catalogue needs to be carried out.
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