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المبحث الثاني: حقيقة الشعر الحر

المبحث الثاني: حقيقة الشعر الحر

 بدأت الدعوۃ تنمو وتتسع حتی بدأت القصائد حرۃ الوزن تظھر في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ، وفي عام 1950م تم نشر أول دیوان للشاعر العراقي عبدالوھاب البیاتي بإسم (ملائکۃ وشیاطین)[1] وکان فیہ قصائد حرة الوزن۔

وظھر بعدہ (المساء الخیر) لشاذل طاقۃ ، ثم تلا ذلک (أساطیر) لبدر شاکر السیاب. ولکن ھناک الکثیر من الأدباء الکبار الذین أنکروا ھذہ الحرکۃ وتوقعوا لھا الھزیمۃ والفشل وأیضاً اعتقدوا بأن معانیھا غیر مبتکرۃ. وقد قال الشاعر عمران العمران[2]: "وذلک أن التجدید في الشعر لا یکون بالتنکر لقوانینہ إنما یکون الابتکار في المعاني، کما یکون في الإبداع بالأسلوب وفي استحداث الصور والأخیلۃ الملائمۃ لبيئة الشاعر وحیاتہ المعاصرۃ[3]، وقال أیضاً : "علی أي حال، فإن مایسمی بالشعر الحر یمثل الھزیمۃ الأدبیۃ للأمۃ العربیۃ وھی ھزیمۃ لا تقل بحال عن ھزائمنا السیاسیۃ والعسکریۃ"[4]، وقال أیضاً في موضع: "علی أن ما یسمی بالشعر الحر یمکن اعتبارہ من قبیل النثر، بمعنی أن الجید منہ یمثل وجھاً أدبیاً، بل فکراً عربیاً، أما الرديء فإنہ یدخل في باب الکلام العادي الذي لا یختلف عن کلام السوقۃ والعوام، وقد ینتظم بعضہ مفھوم الھذر في أحیان کثیرۃ"[5]۔



[1] الملائکۃ، نازک، قضایا الشعر المعاصر، سبق ذکرہ، ص 37

[2] عمران محمد العمران، الأستاذ الأدیب الشاعر والناثر السعودي فلہُ مشارکات ثقافیۃ وأعمال أدبیۃ 
ونثریۃ۔

[3] العمران ، عمران بن محمد، ھوامش أدیبۃ(الطبعۃ الأولی، 1992م) بدون مکان النشر، ص17۰۔

Public Response to the Implementation of Health Protocols during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The public's reaction to the implementation of health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic is discussed in this report, as well as the idea of enforcing public health protocols, the relevance of implementing health protocols, and the public's reaction to implementing health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. This thesis is a quantitative one that relies on data gathered from surveys. The public reaction demonstrates that health guidelines are needed to strengthen attempts to avoid and monitor COVID-19 for people in public places and hospitals in order to avoid the emergence of new epicenters / clusters during the pandemic, as shown by the 78 percent who cooperate and the 22 percent who deliberately and inadvertently disregard. The community's position in breaking the COVID-19 transmission chain, or the possibility of contracting and distributing it, must be accomplished by the implementation of health protocols. The community's reaction to COVID 19 varies; some people really follow the government's protocol, which some people understand; but, for economic reasons, they still operate outside the home to survive.

Eco-Physiological Responses of Sunflower Helianthus Annuus L. Against Various Levels of Rhizospheric Arsenic As and Associated Metals in the Soil

A series of four experiments was performed to evaluate effect of different levels of two inorganic arsenicals on seed germination, vegetative and reproductive growth or yield of sunflower cultivars. First experiment conducted in climatic room using seeds of four sunflower cultivars revealed adverse effects of higher levels of arsenic (6, 8 and 10 mg As/L) on seed germination. Reduction in germination percentage, increased mean germination time, more days to 50 % germination and stunted plumule and radicle growth with poor seedling vigour index depicted stressful effects of arsenic for sunflower seedlings while lower levels of arsenic (2 and 4 mg As/L) proved to be a little bit promoting for seeds to germinate. In further three pot experiments arsenic was applied through soil, irrigation water as well as in combination to two sunflower cultivars and different morphological, physiological and plant water relation parameters were recorded. Arsenic bio-accumulative potential as well as concentrations of 26 different micro, trace and heavy metal ions were also determined in root, shoot, leaves and seeds of sunflower cultivars at crop maturity using ICP-OES. As observed during the experimentation and concluded from physio-chemical analysis of the plant organs, roots were found substantial sink for arsenic in sunflower and least accumulation was recorded in seeds or achenes. Arsenic application in soil proved more stressful than irrigation water alone and overall arsenic application in combination was proved most deterrent for sunflower growth and development. Plant accumulated arsenic according to its levels in rooting medium and availability to plant because in aqueous rhizospheric environment it transforms into various complex compounds and just a fraction is phytoextracted by sunflower roots. Yield was also affected due to deleterious effects of higher concentrations of arsenicals (80 and 100 mg As/kg soil) either as arsenate or arsenite with lower capitulum diameter and reduced hundred achene weight. Both, cultivars or hybrids of sunflower showed similar behavior towards its ability to cope with arsenic levels more than 100 mg As/kg soil with very little phytoextraction potential and accumulation in above ground biomass.
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