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7 ۔حدِارتداد

ردد کامعنی ہے کسی شےکالوٹنا ، مسلمان کا کفر کی طرف لوٹ جانا۔ اس حوالے سے ابن فارس لکھتے ہیں
الراء والدال أصلٌ واحدٌ مطّردٌ منقاس، وهو رَجْع الشَّيء. تقول: ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً. وسمِّي المرتدُّ لأنّه ردّ نفسَه إلى كُفْره.143
"مادہ " رَدَدَ " ہے اور اس معنی ہے کسی شے کا لوٹنا جیسے تو کہے ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً میں نے فلان چیز کو لوٹا دیا اور مرتد کو مرتد اس لیے کہتے ہیں کہ وہ اپنے آپ کو کفر کی طرف لوٹا دیتا ہے ۔ "
اسلام سے پھر جانے کوارتداد کہتے ہیں، جیسا کہ ابن منظور کے نزدیک ارتداد
"وفي التنزيل من يرتدد منكم عن دينه والاسم الرِّدّة ومنه الردَّة عن الإِسلام أَي الرجوع عنه وارتدَّ فلان عن دينه إِذا كفر بعد إِسلامه۔"144
"اور قرآن مجید میں ہےمن يرتدد منكم عن دينه۔ ۔ ۔ الیٰ آ خرہ ۔ اور اسی سے ہے الردۃ عن الاسلام یعنی اسلام سے پھر جانا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے فلاں شخص مرتد ہو گیا جب کہ وہ اسلام سے کفر کی طرف پھر جائے ۔ "
ارتداد کے معنی اسلام قبول کر لینے کے بعد اسلام کو چھوڑ دینے اور اس کے خلاف بغاوت کرنے کے ہیں، جیسے امام راغب اصفہانی نے ارتداد سے متعلق تحریر کیا ہے
"والردۃ الرجوع فی الطریق الزی جاء منہ لکن الردۃتختص بالکفر والارتداد یستعمل فیہ وفی غیرہ۔" 145
"اس راستے پر پلٹنے کو کہتے ہیں جس سے کوئی آیا ہو لیکن ردۃ کا لفظ کفر کی طرف ہی لوٹنا خاص ہے اور ارتداد عام ہے جو حالت کفر اور غیر دونوں کی طرف لوٹنے پر بولا جاتا ہے۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم :علاؤالدین کاسانی ؒ شرعی اصطلاح میں ارتداد کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں
"فَالرُّجُوعُ عن الْإِيمَانِ يُسَمَّى رِدَّةً في عُرْفِ الشَّرْعِ۔ "146
"پس ایمان سے پلٹ جانے کو...

الہامی کتب (تورات، زبور، انجیل اور قرآن) میں وارد اخلاقی رزائل کا تقابلی مطالعہ

Ethical Vices in Divine Books (Quran & Bible): A Comparative Study Morality implies values that distinguish between good and bad behavior. Divine religions have private behavioral value frameworks that are intended to guide followers in determining between right and wrong. Moral values are important in life because: If a person has never learned about moral values then how can he/she decide between the good and the bad. Moral values reflect an individual's character and spirituality. They help in building good relationships in personal as well as professional lives. In this article comparative study of ethical vices’ in light of divine books has been conducted. While doing so the behaviors like Pretention, Miserly, scrooge, Exuberance, Slandering, to lie, Faults/ Curiosity, make fun etc. Are being discussed and analyzed in order to highlight the moral teachings of the divine books. Texts from Torah, Psalm, Gospels and Quran on these vices are studied and analyzed. Study shows that divine books other than Quran have discussed immoral or wicked behavior briefly and just point out the vices but Quran and Sunnah discussed in detail about wicked behavior and also educate about the strategies that can steer you away from temptations and vices. Thus, the Qur’ᾱnic laws and injunctions make our life good and purposeful in this world and hereafter.

To Analyze Teachers Competencies and Teaching Practices of Physics Teachers at Higher Secondary Level in Sindh

Knowledge of science produce a great impact on our life style, way of thinking, and our behavior etc. a great change occurs in our outlook because of the influences, of scientific knowledge. Science has revolutionized the civilization. Science teaching is a most difficult task and everybody is not fit to be teacher, some person may have a flair for teaching and such person have the ability to awaken interest and catch the attention of the students. Hence teaching of science is an art of assisting another person to learn. The aims of teaching of science at the college level is to develop scientific attitude ,enhance the scientific and technological competence, encourage creativity and solve the problems confronted by the students in their day to day life both within and outside the college premises. Therefore the science teacher needs to know about the variety of learning approaches and use technology while teaching. The overall purpose of the study was to analyze teachers ‘competencies and teaching practices of Physics subject teachers at higher secondary level in Sindh. The study specifically analyzed the knowledge, skills, and behaviors of the Physics teachers with relation to subject command and implementation. The scope of study was limited to the college principals, teachers, students, and curriculum experts in the province of Sindh. Eight hypotheses were formulated and mixed research technique was adopted. All the principals’ Physics teachers and science students, were part of population .The population is large and heterogeneous therefore the stratified random sampling design was used. The questionnaires, interview protocols and observation checklist were the major instrument. Data was collected through the personal visits and analyzed by using inferential statistical technique along with the content analysis of the data. Concrete recommendations were made on the basis of findings.
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