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اداریہ

سیالکوٹ کی تہذیب قدامت کے لحاظ سے پانچ ہزار سال سے بھی پہلے کے آثار ظاہر کرتی ہے۔راجہ شل نے اس تہذیب کو پروان چڑھانے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔اس شہر کی تہذیبی روایات اور علمی آثار " مہابھارت" میں بدرجہ اُتم موجود ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی مٹی بڑی زرخیز اور مردم خیز ہے۔سرزمین سیالکوٹ نے علم وادب وفنون لطیفہ کے میدانوں میں گراں قدر خدمات سرانجام دی ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی علمی وادبی  اہمیت مسلمہ ہے۔ہر دور میں خواہ وہ ہندو راج ہو ، مغلیہ راج ہویا انگریز راج سیالکوٹ نے ہردور میں علمی وادبی مرکز کے حوالے سے اپنی شناخت قائم رکھی ہے۔یہاں سے بہت سی نامور روحانی اور علمی وادبی شخصیات نے جنم لیا ہےاور بعض نے یہاں کی روحانی اور علمی وادبی شخصیات سے فیض حاصل کیا ہے۔٧٠٠ قبل مسیح سے٦٠٠ قبل مسیح تک یہ اتنا عظیم تعلیمی مرکز تھا۔کہ بنارس کے شہزادے حصول علم کے لیے یہاں آتے تھے۔

اکیسویں صدی عیسویں میں بھی شہرِ اقبال اپنی تہذیبی و ادبی  روایات کی بازیافت کے لیے خاصا سرگرم عمل ہے۔ملا عبدالحکیم سیالکوٹی ،مولانا فیروزالدین،اقبال ،فیض ،مولانا ظفر علی خاں،  ہاشم شاہ،حضرت رائج سیالکوٹی، دلشاد ،منشی میراں بخش جلوہ،محمد الدین فوق ،اثر صہبائی ،سلیم واحد سلیم ،بدری ناتھ سدرشن،جوگندر پال ،غلام الثقلین نقوی ،رجندر سنگھ بیدی،عبدالحمید عرفانی،سرمد صہبائی،خالد نظیر صوفی، ڈاکٹر جاوید اقبال،ساغر جعفری،مولوی ابراہیم میر،آسی ضیائی رامپوری،طفیل ہوشیارپوری،اے ڈی اظہر،حفیظ صدیقی،صابر ظفر،اصغر سودائی اور جابر علی سید دنیائے شعروادب کے اہم ستارے ہیں۔جن کا تعلق سیالکوٹ کی دھرتی کے ساتھ تادمِ حیات رہا ۔موجودہ دور میں بھی خطہ سیالکوٹ علمی وادبی میدان میں مضافاتی دائرے سے نکل کر قومی وبین الاقوامی ادبی دھارےمیں شامل ہونے کے لیے پرتول رہا ہے۔پنجاب لٹریری فورم سیالکوٹ اسی سلسلے میں اہم کردار ادا کررہا ہے۔اس ادبی تحریک کا ثمر اس خطے کی ادبی سرگرمیوں کی نشاة ثانیہ کی...

Analytical Study of Dual Banking and Earlier Efforts Towards Islamization of Bank of Khyber in the Light of Shariah

The proposal of interest-free banking is very old because Islam restricted the interest base transaction at very beginning after the revelation of prohibition of Interest, noble Quran called it as Riba. This prohibition is of sever nature relatively, Allah says; O you who have believed, fear Allah and give up what remains [due to you] of interest, if you should be believers. And if you do not, then be informed of a war [against you] from Allah and His Messenger. The suggestion for the establishment of such financial institutions that run according to shariah has been put in queue for about centuries. To get rid from the dominancy of conventional banking system, forced the religious scholar to take initiative in this regard and started interest free banking. It was not easy to switch entirely from conventional banking system to Islamic one as for different technical issues, leads the existent banks to start dual banking system. Bank of Khyber is the first Bank of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa operating as dual banking, i.e. Conventional as well as Interest free banking. This study focuses on analysis of dual banking system of bank of KHYBER in order to know the extent of conformity with shariah standards along with highlighting the earlier efforts of it towards Islamization.  

Assessment of Productive Potential of Browse Species and Their Management Strategy in the Degrading Rangelands of Cholistan Desert

The Cholistan rangelands have been on decline due to various stresses and their effects can be visualized on its flora particularly on browse species. Therefore, a baseline study was carried to determine the productivity potential of browses with specific objectives of investigating their floristic composition, vegetation structure, forage productivity, and nutritive evaluation. Total 25 browse species belonging to 12 families and 17 genera were identified whereas Chenopodiaceae, Mimosaceae, and Rhamnaceae were found as dominant families that were mainly contributing to browse cover. In the investigated area two phenological seasons were recorded, first from February to April and second from September to November, whereas December to January and May to August were almost dormant phases. Further, based on economic importance of browses, maximum species were observed to be used as forage/fodder that clearly indicated that this area could serve as potential rangeland. According to phytosociological study, twenty browse communities were documented on the basis of importance value index. Multivariate analysis of twenty stands has delineated three vegetation associations inhabiting the sandunal, interdunal sandy and clayey saline habitats. Soil physio-chemical analysis revealed that texture of sandunal habitat was sandy; interdunal was sandy loam while clayey saline was clayey. Results have exposed that organic matter, and soil nutrients were better at interdunal sandy habitat whereas pH, EC, Na, and soil moisture were high at clayey saline habitat. It was estimated that browse productivity was high (8029.1 kg/ha) in wet season as compare to dry season (5422.9 kg/ha), correspondingly carrying capacity was high during wet season (16 ha/AU/Y) than dry season (24 ha/AU/Y). Moreover, during dry season, mostly stands were observed to be overgrazed while in wet season maximum stands were moderately grazed. High carrying capacity and good grazing status of stands in wet season was due to better forage production. Based on palatability classification, 22 species were found to have palatability to varying degree and 03 species were non-palatable. In palatable species, leaves of 14 species; shoot/stem of 13 species, flower of 04 species, and fruit of 03 species were grazed by livestock, whereas cattle were observed to graze on 07 species; goat and sheep like 10 species each while camel prefer 20 species. Subsequently, nutritive evaluation revealed that browse species were good source of dry matter and protein whereas; concentration of almost all the minerals (micro and macro) was less than required level for ruminants grazing therein. The findings of this study indicate that the browse productivity of Cholistan rangelands was low and fluctuate according to seasons. Therefore, they need proper protection, management, and rehabilitation through ecological approaches. This would be possible with the participation of government and local peoples to make these range resources sustainable. Key words: Cholistan rangelands, Browse species, Floristic composition, Phenology, vegetation structure, Multivariate analysis, Biomass production, Carrying capacity, Palatability, Nutritive evaluation
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