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مظہر امام

مظہر امام /پروفیسر شہریار/پروفیسر مغنی تبسم
افسوس اس ماہ فروری میں اردو کے آسماں پر درخشاں، چند ستاروں کے چھپ جانے سے اردو دنیا کی رونق میں کمی آگئی، جناب مظہر امام ، پروفیسر شہریار ، پروفیسر مغنی تبسم یکے بعد دیگرے رخصت ہوئے، مظہر امام کی شناخت آزاد غزل کے حوالے سے ہے، کئی شعری اور تنقیدی کتابوں کے مصنف تھے، پروفیسر شہریار اور پروفیسر مغنی تبسم، ہندوستان کی دو ممتاز جامعات یعنی مسلم یونیورسٹی اور جامعہ عثمانیہ میں اردو کے کامیاب اور نامور استاد ہی نہیں، شعرو ادب کی دنیا میں صاحب مرتبہ و مقام بھی تھے، شہریار کی شہرت گو ان کی زندگی کے دور آخر میں خوشبو کی طرح عام ہوئی لیکن نشاط غم اور رنج شادمانی کے مختصر اور فانی لمحات کا ساتھ عمر بھر رہا، ان کی شہرت کے شہپر جب سمٹے ہوئے تھے اس وقت بھی انہوں نے اس خاموشی کو بلیغ معانی دیے تھے، خواب، رات، دیار، پرچھائیں، سفر، تشنہ لبی کے پردے میں وہ دیار دل اور بزم دوستاں تلاش کرتے رہے، مغنی تبسم شہریار کے پیشہ تدریس میں ہی شریک نہیں رسالہ شعرو حکمت میں بھی برابر کے سہیم تھے، وہ حیدرآباد کے دائرہ ادبیات اردو اور رسالہ سب رس سے مدتوں وابستہ رہے، فانی بدایونی پر تحقیق کی تھی، درجنوں کتابیں لکھیں، عجیب بات ہے کہ ادبی سفر میں مغنی تبسم اور شہریار ساتھ ساتھ رہے، ابدی سفر میں بھی یہ رفاقت قائم رہی، شہریار کے نام ایک خط میں مغنی تبسم نے لکھا تھا کہ ’’شاعری تو ایسی چیز ہے جو خدا، انسان اور کائنات کے درمیان پچھلی راتوں کا دعائیہ بن جاتی ہے، کتنے لوگ ہیں جوان ساعتوں میں دست دعا دراز کرتے ہیں‘‘، مغفرت کے لیے کوئی عمل یا کوئی قول کام آسکتا ہے، ہمارا دست دعا بھی اسی لیے دراز ہے۔...

Political Assassinations in Pakistan with Special Reference to the Mystery of the Murder of Hayat Muhammad Khan Sherpao, 1975

During Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's term as Prime Minister, the law and order situation deteriorated throughout the country in general, and in the provinces of NorthWest Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Balochistan in particular. For multiple reasons, the mutual distrust between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the political leaders of the respective provinces never allowed them to overcome their personal and party interests and establish a harmonious working relationship. Accusations of conspiracy, worsening law and order, and political assassinations, were the dilemmas that agitated the whole country. One of the victims of the political assassination was Hayat Muhammad Khan Sherpao, a leading activist of the Pakistan People's Party and former Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The incident of his murder commenced the series of legal disputes and cases of treason filed against the opposition leaders in courts and tribunals, which marred the political scenario of the country till the very end of the Bhutto era. The lack of research on political assassinations in Pakistan is a crucial oversight, especially considering the frequency of the phenomenon and its implications. This study attempts to highlight the main theoretical and political implications of assassinations and identifies some promising directions for further research, in the hope that this unique type of political violence will be better understood in the future.

Composite Genomic Diversity for Association Mapping Related to Drought Tolerance in Wheat

Exploitation of available genetic resources is of great importance for enhancing global food security under the adverse influence of climate change that badly affects the intensity of drought. A diverse group of hexaploid wheat genotypes (131) were evaluated for phenological and physiological traits in the field under well-watered and drought stress conditions imposed at anthesis stage along with check cultivars during two consecutive growing years, 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Genotypes under both trial condition showed high genetic variation in their morphological and physiological indices in response to drought stress. Overall, 10 potential genotypes i.e. HU85, HU89, HU93, HU99, HU101, HU105, HU109, HU116, HU120 and HU123 outperformed among the evaluated genotypes. In terms of yield, these 10 lines performed 30% better than the best drought check cultivars (Weeble, Sitta and Dharwar-Dry) and therefore can be used as gene pool for varietal improvement for the rain fed areas of Pakistan. HMW-GS subunit composition and variation were analyzed at the Glu-1 locus through SDS-PAGE which detected eighteen alleles, 3 at the Glu-A1 locus, 11 at the Glu-B1 and 4 at the Glu-D1 locus with 34 different combinations. Twenty seven functional markers (KASP-SNPs) were also applied to identify important genes influencing end use quality including HMW-GS (3 NSPs), LMW-GS (15 SNPs), grain texture (3 SNPs) and drought tolerance candidate genes (6 SNPs), detecting a total of 61 alleles across the studied genotypes. SNPs for HMW-GS detected eight allelic loci among the genotypes and prominent alleles (5+10) were found in maximum (53%) genotypes followed by inferior (2+12) allele (40%). For LMW-GS, 25 SNPs loci were identified in the panel and the maximum allelic diversity was detected for Glu-A3ac (0.54%). Ample allelic diversity was observed at Ha loci encoding for hardness profile such as Pina-D1a (24%), PinaD1b (75%), PinbD1a (10%), PinbD1b (83%), Pinb-B2a (76%) and Pinb-B2b (16%), indicating the potential for selecting favorable alleles for enhanced grain texture. Thirteen candidate loci linked to drought related traits were detected which discriminated tolerant and susceptible genotypes through a set of six SNP markers. 1fehw3 detected Kauz-type (51.9%) tolerance followed by Westona-type tolerance (45%) across the panel. SST4D-1093 marker identified three allelic haplotypes, 4Da, 4Da:4Db and 4Db that favored stem WSC remobilization under low moisture status to minimize the deleterious effect of drought stress. The studied panel was profiled using 154 SSR markers for genetic diversity and GWAS. All of the 154 SSR markers were polymorphic in nature and detected a total of 254 informative loci. The average number of alleles per locus was 5.3, ranging from 2 to 13. The average effective number (Ne) of alleles per locus was 3.4, ranging from 1.1 to 7.8. Mean of expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.78, ranging from 0.10 to 1.9, information index (ID) ranged from 0.20 to 2.8, average, unbiased heterozygosity (UHe) value was 0.78 with a range of 0.10 to 1.9. The range for PIC was 0.18 to 0.87, with an average of 0.6 in the panel. A total of 347 significant MTAs for the studied traits were detected. GLM model approach detected 205 MTAs (59.2%) while MLM model approach found only 141 MTAs (40.6%). Some unique MTAs were also detected only either in GLM or in MLM model. Indel and SSR markers used in the current GWAS will contribute valuable information for AM panels and making new breeding populations based on marker assisted selection (MAS).
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