Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

ا یڈو رڈ ویسٹر مارک

مارک، ایڈورڈ ویسٹر
ایڈورڈ ویسٹر مارک کا انتقال
ایڈورڈ ویسٹر مارک نے جو ایک عرصہ تک لندن یونیورسٹی میں عمرانیات کا پروفیسر تھا، گزشتہ اکتوبر میں انتقال کیا، وہ ایک عمیق النظر فلسفی اور بین الاقوامی شہرت کا مالک تھا، اوائل زندگی میں اس کو خیال پیدا ہوا کہ اخلاقی خیالات اور مذہبی اعتقادات میں گہرا تعلق ہے، چنانچہ اس نقطہ نظر سے اس نے یورپ کے علاوہ دوسری قوموں کے روایات اور اعتقادات کا مطالعہ کرنا چاہا اور اس کے لئے مراکش کو منتخب کیا، اور وہاں جاکر چار سال تک مقیم رہا، یہاں اس نے نہ صرف انسانیاتی معلومات جمع کئے، بلکہ وہاں کے لوگوں طرز زندگی و غور و فکر سے بھی واقفیت حاصل کرکے ان کے رسم و رواج کو آسانی سے سمجھا جو تمدن کے مختلف دور میں پیدا ہوتے رہے، یہاں کی تحقیقات اس نے اپنی مشہور کتاب ’’اخلاقی تخیلات کی ابتدا اور نشوونما‘‘ (The origin and development of moral ideas) میں قلمبند کی جو دو جلدوں میں ۱۹۰۶؁ء اور ۱۹۰۸؁ء میں شائع ہوئی تھی، یہ کتاب بہت اہم اور بلند پایہ سمجھی جاتی ہے اور اخلاقیات پر ایک فلسفیانہ مقالہ یا اخلاقی خیالات کی تاریخ کہی جاسکتی ہے، اس کتاب کی خوبی یہ ہے کہ اس میں تحلیلی اور تاریخی تجزیوں میں امتزاج پیدا کرکے یہ دکھایا گیا ہے کہ اخلاقی پسندیدگی اور ناپسندیدگی کی ابتدا معاشرتی تکدر اور تشکر سے ہوتی ہے، ڈاکٹر ویسٹر مارک کی اور دوسری تصنیفات یہ ہیں، مراکش میں انسانی شادی، رسم اور اعتقاد کی تاریخ، (۲)اخلاقی اضافیت، (۳)عیسائی مذہب اور اخلاق۔
(’’ص ۔ ع‘‘، دسمبر ۱۹۳۹ء)

 

Menstrual Cycle in Female Workers

Menstrual disorders are abnormalities that occur in the menstrual cycle. There are various menstrual disorders that women can experience, ranging from too little or too much menstrual blood, painful menstruation, to depression before menstruation or premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Physical activity is divided into three levels, namely light, moderate and heavy physical activity. Physical activity of heavy intensity can cause physiological disorders of the menstrual cycle. Presence of menstruation (amenorrhoea), thinning of the bones (osteoporosis), menstrual irregularities or intermenstrual bleeding, abnormal growth of the uterine wall, and infertility.

Physiology of Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. Accessions and the Role of Phytohormones under Water Stress

The availability of soil moisture is the major factor limiting wheat production. Present study was aimed to determine the physiological response of local germplasm resources of wheat exposed to different periods of water stress and rewatring at booting and grainfilling stages. The response of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions (011251, 011417, 011320 and 011393) to water stress and exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) was determined in a pot study. The experiment was conducted in the wire house of Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad during the wheat-growing season 2005 and 2006. Pre sowing seeds treatment with ABA was made for 8 h. Water stress was imposed by withholding water supply for a period of 9 d thereafter the plants were irrigated. The first water stress treatment was started at 50% booting and the second at 50 % grainfilling. Sampling was done after 3, 6 and 9 days of induction of water stress. Recovery was studied at 48 and 72 h of re-watering. Changes in the water status of leaves along with osmoregulation, activities of antioxidant enzymes, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, pigment, phytohormones and protein contents were measured. Yield parameters were also determined. Moreover Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was done to determine the extent of genetic variability among the accessions and to evaluate the treatment induced changes in the protein profiling of grains Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was done. Marked decreases in leaf water status, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Gibberellins (GA) and trans zeatin riboside (t-zr.) were associated with an increase in the accumulation of ABA (both free and bound), sugar, proline, glycine betaine and activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase) under water stress. Increase in protein content under water stress remained a dominant response except for accession 011251. The inhibitory effects of water stress were ameliorated by exogenous application of ABA and this ameliorating effect was found to be more significant at booting stage as compared to grainfilling particularly in the accession 011320. Upon rewatering the recovery from water stress was found to be greater in case of ABA treated plants. Accession 011320 was found to be the most sensitive among all xivthe accessions showing higher decrease in yield which appears to be associated with less efficient ABA metabolism as evidenced by slow accumulation of stress-induced free ABA which did not return to the pre stress level but remained significantly higher on rewatering moreover the decrease in t-zr content was also higher. Whereas, accession 011417 was found to be highly tolerant to water stress possibly by economizing water status, efficient control on the accumulation of osmolytes, stomatal conductance and activities of antioxidant enzymes concomitant with higher ABA content and lesser decrease in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA) and trans zeatin riboside (t-zr.) contents under stress. Higher rate of recovery upon rewatering was also found in this accession. Random amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed a marked diversity among the four accessions and the Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) protein profiling of the grains indicated that the changes in grain protein composition are mainly controlled by genetic factors. It is inferred from the results that adverse effects of water stress in wheat become more pronounced at grain filling as compared to booting. Proline, antioxidant enzymes, ABA and t-zr content can serve as physiological markers for selecting water stress tolerant wheat genotypes. ABA seed soaking can be implicated as an effective way to alleviate the adverse effects of water stress particularly in relatively sensitive wheat genotypes.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.