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صابر ظفرؔ

                                صابر ظفرؔ (۱۹۴۸ء پ)کا اصل نام مظفر احمد اور ظفرؔ تخلص کرتے ہیں۔اقبال اور فیض کے بعد سیالکوٹ کے سب سے بڑے غزل گو شاعر ہیں ۔ صابر ظفرؔ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’ابتدا‘‘ہے جسے التحریر ادارہ لاہور نے ۱۹۷۴ء میں شائع کیا۔ اس مجموعے میں ۱۹۷۴ء تک کے دور کی غزلیں شامل ہیں۔ ’’دھواں اور پھول‘‘ صابر ظفر کا دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ۱۹۸۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’پاتال‘‘ ۱۹۸۷ء میں شائع ہوا۔ چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ’’دکھوں کی چادر‘‘ ۱۹۹۴ء میں شائع ہوا۔ چھٹا شعری مجموعہ ’’بارہ دری میں شام‘‘ ،۱۹۹۶ء میں طبع ہوا۔ ساتواں شعری مجموعہ ’’اک تری یاد رہ گئی باقی‘‘ ۱۹۹۸ء میں شائع ہوا۔ آٹھواں شعری مجموعہ ’’عشق میں روگ ہزار‘‘ ۱۹۹۸ء میں طبع ہوا۔ ’’بے آہٹ چلی آتی ہے موت‘‘ نواں شعری مجموعہ ۱۹۹۹ء میں شائع ہوا۔دسواں شعری مجموعہ ’’اپنے رنگوں میں ڈوب جانے دے‘‘ ۲۰۰۲ء میں شائع ہوا۔ یہ مجموعہ ’’عشق میں روگ ہزار ‘‘کا تسلسل ہے۔ بارہواں شعری مجموعہ’’کوئی لو چراغ قدیم کی‘‘ ۲۰۰۳ء میں شائع ہوا۔ تیرھواں شعری مجموعہ ’’نامعلوم‘‘(۲۰۰۵ء) میر کی زمین میں کہی گئی غزلوں کا مجموعہ ہے۔’’ پرندوں کی طرح شامیں‘‘ چودھواں شعری مجموعہ ۲۰۰۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ پندرھواں مجموعہ ’’محبت دور کی آواز تھی‘‘۲۰۰۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ ’’سانول موڑ مہاراں‘‘ سولہواں مجموعہ ۲۰۰۶ء میں شائع ہوا۔ ’’زنداں میں زندگی امر ہے‘‘صابر ظفر کا سترھواں شعری مجموعہ ہے جو ۲۰۰۷ء میں طبع ہوا۔ اٹھارہواں شعری مجموعہ ’’خاموش بدن کی خوش کلامی‘‘ ۲۰۰۷ء میں شائع ہوا۔

                انیسواں شعری مجموعہ’’ہر چیز کلام کر رہی ہے‘‘ ۲۰۰۷ء میں شائع ہوا۔ بیسواں مجموعہ ’’ستارہ وار سخن‘‘ ۲۰۰۸ء اور اکیسواں شعری مجموعہ ’’آئینوں کی راہداریاں ‘‘۲۰۰۹ء میں طبع ہوئے۔بائیسواں شعری مجموعہ ’’سب اپنے خیال کی دھنک ہے‘‘۲۰۱۱ ء میں شائع ہوا۔’’غزل در غزل تیئیسواں شعری مجموعہ ۲۰۱۱ء میں شائع ہوا۔چوبیسواں شعری مجموعہ ’’گردشِ مرثیہ‘‘ ۲۰۱۲ء میں شائع ہوا۔ جو ایک...

A Diasporic Study of Cultural Identity in Ayad Akhtar’s Disgraced and American Dervish

This research studies Ayad Akhtar’s Disgraced and American Dervish to scrutinize Pak-Muslim-American hyphenated ambivalent assimilationist diaspora identity in the complicated sociopolitical institutionalized mechanism functioning behind the distorted version of global Pak-Muslim identity, which is struggling against scripted stereotypes in prejudiced American society, a place which gives no space to diaspora existence to hold on native cultural values and to retain ethno-religious profile. Western hegemonic politics of identity is not just limited to misrepresentation of Pak-Muslim identity. The present research also examines how it regulates a disfigured social profile of Pak-Muslim diaspora by managing a reflexive autonomy which entails a problematized social recognition of Pak-Muslim diaspora identity and a loathing expression of self-recognition and resultantly ensures denouncement of native identity and pushes diaspora towards the maintenance of an assimilationist Americanized identity to escape the tragedy specific to Pak-Muslim diaspora most specifically in post-9/11 scenario. But maintenance of an essentialist or monolithic identity cannot be simplified to apparent Americanized identity as the in-between state of diaspora existence by no means let it develop an essentialist Americanized identity and not even hardliner Pak-Muslim tendency works to retain its originality but it ends in a fractured and fragmented identity that keeps oscillating between two extremes to make sense of its essence or existence. Both texts hit deep into the core of the Pak-Muslim diaspora’s fragmented psyche to narrate the diasporic state of being struck between dual cultural affiliation and plurality of identity by depicting the inconsistencies it possesses. This study manages to approach the Pak-Muslim diaspora identity contextualized in the background of 9/11 and the pre-9/11 Western notion of Islamophobia in terms of fundamentalism and explores it on the dual grounds of self and social recognition. The analysis, far from any notion of fixity, manifests it, as a spectrum between extreme eastern and western divides.

Identification and Validation of Different Housekeeping Genes for Real Time Rt-Pcr in Plants

Investigations of gene expression patterns of a gene or set of different genes in eukaryotic cells at particular stage or conditions require appropriate set of internal controls for accurate quantitative data analysis. These internal controls or reference genes are essential for ensuring the cell viability. Housekeeping gene/s (HKG) has been commonly used as reference genes for the normalization of gene expression data due to their presumed stable and constitutive expression in living organisms. The selection of appropriate internal control gene is a critical step for the gene expression studies by qRT-PCR due to variability in the stable expression of candidate HKGs in different organisms, different organs/tissues of same organism or most imporatantly due to different experimental conditions or environmental conditions for the same sample. In this study, we challenged the consensual thinking that all HKGs are reliable controls for expression studies through detailed investigation of set of potential reference genes suitable for gene expression analysis of Ficus carica (dicot), Chenopodium album (dicot) and Mentha spicata (dicot) after treating with different experimental conditions of abiotic stresses. We identified and sequenced three isoforms of actin (actin, β-actin and actin α), two isoforms of tubulin gene (β-tubulin and β-tubulin-1), GAPDH, EFα1, ubiquitin and 18S rRNA genes from these three plants and checked their validity as good internal control genes. Gene specific primers of above mentioned genes were designed from the conserved regions of similar genes from other plants to amplify genomic DNA followed by sequencing. After confirmation of right products from each plant using several bioinformatics tools, all of these sequences were submitted to genebank. Initially the similarities of these newly isolated genes with other known homologues or orthologues were determined. Alignments and phylogenetic trees have shown high levels of conservation in the genes among diverse set of selected monocots and dicots, as expected. In order to validate the utility of these newly isolated genes as internal controls, we treated the above mentioned plants with various abiotic stresses including heat, metal, cold, drought, salt and growth hormones. The respective transcripts were amplified and sequenced for further confirmations. We could hardly observed significant difference in the expression of these genes by semi- quantitative RT-PCR as expected. For quantitative validations, we used all of the above candidate internal controls to study the differences in their expression by relative quantitative real-time to validate the best gene or set of genes for the normalization of target genes in these plants. Different reference genes of C. album, F. carica and M. spicata showed somewhat variable expression under one or the other type of abiotic stress treatment suggesting; 1) Different experimental conditions can variably affect the stability of these internal control genes. 2) β-tub, EFα1, Ubq and Act-α were identified as the most stable genes under cold, drought, heat, metal and salt stress in C. album. In F. carica, 18S rRNA, β-tub and Act were three stable genes under cold, drought, salt and growth hormone stress. Similarly, GAPDH, β-tub, β-tub-1 and EFα1 were the stable internal control genes under drought, cold, heat and salt stress in M. spicata respectively. Furthermore, the gene stability index was generated for these selected HKGs which facilitated the selection of more than one internal control gene for further verifications of gene expression studies of these or any other related plant species.
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