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سن اے غافل غفلت اندر ویلا گزر گیوئی
لُٹی جاون لوک خزانے تینوں خبر نہ کوئی
اج ویلا ہئی، چھڈغفلت نوں فیر کُجھ ہتھ نہ آوے
پھڑلئے پلہ پیر اپنے دا فضل ربی ہو جاوے
بنجر، کلر والی دھرتی تاں فردوس ہو جاوے
دلبر سوہنا تے من موہنا بردی نوں گل لاوے
اس نوں کدی وی موت نہ آوے اندر دویں جہانی
قسم خدا دی عبدالرحمنؔ ملے جے دلبر جانی
ماڑی والے دلبر سائیاں سُتڑے لیکھ جگائو
خالی جھولی بھر دیو میری خیر نظر دی پائو !
تُوں سخیاں دا سخی انوکھا ہرگز شک نہ کوئی
سب سخاوت کل جہاناں ختم تیرے تے ہوئی
Buddhism In Gandhara
The present study entitled “Buddhism in Gandhara” focuses on the religious faith of Gandharans during the Kushan Empire, especially during Kanishka Reign when Buddhism became popular. This research focuses on the religious art works flourished during the regime, including stone sculpture of Gandhara and Mathura reflect the Hellenistic style of Gandharan Buddhist art. It also deals with the artifacts, coins, inscriptions, narrative sculptures from Kushan to ascertain Gandharan Buddhist tradition as documented in art, archaeology, and epigraphy, which comes mainly from the region. The Study can be distinguished as a special case study of its own nature for being conducted in the geographical boundaries, where Kushan and Gandhara art was experimented and practiced which afterwards achieved a status of the full-scale culture of the area. The main aim of the research was to study the religious aspects of the inhabitants of the Kushan period, which was prominent in the living patterns of different social classes, structural design of the buildings, attires and cultural outfits of various segments of the society as well as personal features like ornaments, headdresses, and social rituals in shaping the cultural contours of Gandhara art. The study, based on empirical data collected from various museums and archaeological sites, particularly from excavated areas around Taxila valley, which reflect a special understanding of religious artwork during the regime of Kushans supporting a close link with the Kings and Princess during their control of South Asian region. This paper concludes that Buddhism was a thriving religion during the Greek regime and was supported by the state.Power Flow Control Strategy at the Load Bus in the Presence of Dispersed Generation
Due to increased proliferation of sensitive loads in the distribution network, voltage sags, swells and phase jumps mitigation has become the focus of power quality (PQ) research. This reduces its adverse economical impact. Equipment sensitivity curve shows that small duration outage of one-cycle is tolerable for sensitive loads. Therefore, the control system should be capable for voltage sag detection and mitigation in less than 20 ms at 50 Hz. There are various custom power devices for protecting industrial processes against voltage sags. Due to simple control, fast response and fewer transients; dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is investigated in this research work. Several voltage-sourced converter (VSC) control strategies for the DVR are proposed to maintain constant load voltage for smooth and clean power delivery to the load. A new leading series voltage injection (LSVI) technique is presented as a first strategy for the mitigation of sag. A mathematical model of LSVI by a DVR for voltage sag mitigation has been developed. Simulation results have been obtained to validate the developed model. Conventionally, distributed generation (DG) source is connected in parallel with utility to share load and export its excess power to utility. A new concept of power export through series connection of DG supported DVR is presented, whose power export capability is managed by magnitude of injected voltage as well as its phase-angle instead of the current. However, the approach for mitigating voltage sag using LSVI scheme is suitable for those locations where the phase-shift in the voltage will not cause any problem. A feed-forward VSC control strategy for the DVR is then presented, based on unipolar SPWM switching strategy. This is a novel but a simple control strategy in which the VSC not only converts DC to AC but also mitigates voltage sags, swells and phase jumps in the utility voltage, acting as power flow controller. Comparison of instantaneous utility voltage and generated three-phase reference voltage is carried out to detect sags, swells and phase jumps in the utility voltage. It then generates appropriate switching signals for the VSC of DVR to mitigate them.With the help of proposed control scheme of DVR, the dynamic capability of DVR increases the sensitive load penetration in the distribution system. LSVI control uses leading series voltage injection technique whereas a feed-forward method of compensation uses in-phase injection to regulate the load voltage. The magnitude of injected DVR voltage is minimal in in-phase injection compensation strategy. However, the presented power export concept is valid only for the LSVI scheme. The simulation for the presented control strategies have been performed using SimPowerSystemsTM tool box of MATLAB®. The proposed control strategies detect utility disturbances and mitigate them within half-cycle against a target of one-cycle. These strategies succeed in keeping load voltage THD limit within 5%.Journals by Discipline
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