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90. Al-Balad/The City

90. Al-Balad/The City

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

90:01
a. I swear by this City,

90:02
a. and you – O The Prophet - are a resident of this City,

90:03
a. as well as any parent and anyone born of him.

90:04
a. Indeed, WE created human being in stages of difficulty and hardship.

90:05
a. Now that he is in the midst of blessings,
b. does he think that no one will have power over him to hold him accountable?

90:06
a. For he boasts:
b. ‘I have squandered a great deal of wealth!’

90:07
a. Does he think that no one ever watches him with regard to what he has expended?
b. Indeed, Allah watches him all the time!

90:08
a. Have WE not given two eyes to him,
b. to see and recognize the truth?

90:09
a. And a tongue, and a pair of lips,
b. to speak and advocate the truth?

90:10
a. And have WE not showed him the two ways:
b. virtue and vice; good and evil?

Surah 90 * Al-Balad 737

90:11
a. Yet he makes no attempt to the steep/uphill way, i.e., good, virtue.

90:12
a. And what will enable you to comprehend the steep/uphill way?

90:13
a. The setting free of the neck from the burden of bondage or debt,

90:14
a. or, giving food at the time of one’s hunger/impoverishment,

90:15

ESTIMATING PREVALENCE OF CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME AND SEVERITY USING BOSTON CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME QUESTIONNAIRE AMONG DEXTEROUS POPULATION

Objective: The study was designed to estimate the prevailing percentage of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) using Boston Carpal tunnel syndrome questionnaire (BCTSQ) in the dexterous population and to assess its severity. Study Design: This was a Cross-sectional survey. Study Settings and Participants: The study setting was Karachi where 226 Dexterous workers including; musicians, typist, dentists, butchers office workers, working for more than 1 year were recruited using non-probability convenience sampling. Outcome Measures: Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire. Results: This study enrolled 226 participants, 140 (61.9%) of which were males and 86 (38.1%) were females with mean age of 34.05±10.93. Out of the total 25 were diagnosed with CTS in which, 10 (40%) were males and 15 (60%) were females with mean age of 37.60±14.41. Hence, the prevalence of CTS among dexterous population was found to be 11.06%.                                                                            Conclusion: The results of our study revealed that CTS is a prevalent neuromuscular disorder among dexterous population. The severity level varies among the population. More epidemiological studies are required to get the approximate value to promote ergonomic awareness.

Syntheses of Pyridine and Pyrimidine Derivatives in Search of Potential Therapeutic Agents

This research work consists of the syntheses of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives by adopting various synthetic chemical transformations and screening of their biological activities. All compounds were fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, EI-MS and HREI-MS. Melting points of all compounds were also recorded. This dissertation consists of two chapters based on the extensive literature and research findings regarding the three libraries of synthetic compounds. Each chapter has its own compounds numbering, tables, figures, schemes and references. Chapter-1 has been subdivided into two parts (part A and B). Part A composed of the broad literature survey regarding the general introduction of pyridine, its biological background and various synthetic protocols. In addition, it also deals with the rationale behind the current study. Fifty-seven synthesized derivatives of pyridine (21-77) were evaluated for their in vitro activities. all derivatives showed more potent inhibition against α-glucosidase in vitro, however, compounds 29, 35, 43, 44, 49, 56, 61, 70, and 75 showed more than hundred-fold better activity than standard acarbose (IC50 = 856.45 ± 5.60 μM). Out of fifty-seven derivatives, only four compounds 28, 30, 42, and 43 showed weak in vitro dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitory activity as compared to standard sitagliptin (IC50 = 0.0246 ± 0.004 µM). Remaining compounds were found to be completely inactive. Compound 38 showed potent antileishmanial activity while compound 22, 39, 40, 41, 46, 49, 55, and 67 showed weak to significant antileishmanial activities when compared with the standards amphotericin B (IC50 = 0.29 ± 0.05 µM) and pentamidine (IC50 = 5.09 ± 0.04 µM). Ten analogs 22, 25, 35, 38, 42, 46, 49, 63, 70, and 75 manifested themselves to be more potent while ten anlogs 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, 57, 73, and 74 showed weak to moderate activity in comparison with standard ibuprofen (IC50 = 11.2 ± 1.9 µM). Four analogs 25, 28, 35, and 49 were attributed to be significantly active while 43 showed moderate activity in comparison with standard rutin. Only compound 64 was observed to be the most potent against tyrosinase enzyme while, derivative 21, 38, and 50 showed moderate to weak tyrosinase inhibitory activity. In Part-B further pyridine derivatives 78-118 were synthesized and screened to check their in vitro biological activities. In vitro β-glucuronidase inhibition of all synthetic derivatives 78-118 were checked which showed that out of forty-one derivatives, twentyeight derivatives were showed more potency as compared to the standard D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 48.40 ± 0.25 μM). Among which compound 103 (IC50 = 1.10 ± 0.10 μM) was the most potent compound while compounds 102, 89, 116, 96, 110, and 111 were also the potent about ten to twenty fold better than standard. These derivatives were also evaluated for their urease inhibitory activity. Compound 78, 88, 92, 106, and 116 showed good to moderate potential against urease as compared with the standard thiourea, while remaining derivatives were found to be non-active. Ten Compounds 78, 80, 87, 90, 96, 97, 104, 106, 111, and 115 were showed more antiinflammatory potency than the standard ibuprofen. Out of 98 synthesized derivatives of pyridine, 29 compounds 25, 28, 31, 34, 43, 45, 48, 49, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 83, 89, 97, 98, 102, 103, 109, 110, 111, 112, and 116 were new compounds. Chapter 2 describes introduction of pyrimidine, its biological background and various synthetic protocols. In addition, it also deals with the rationale behind the current study. One pot three-component synthesis was adopted to synthesized Dihydropyrimidone derivatives (150-189) and screened for in vitro biological evaluation. Forty synthetic derivatives of dihydropyrimidones were screened for antiinflammatory activity. Six derivatives 151, 157, 160, 162, 166, and 182 were found to be active and showed more significant to less significant activity in the comparison of standard ibuprofen. All of these derivatives were found to be inactive in intiglycation assay and against tyrosinase enzyme. All derivatives were also screened for their in vitro β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity. Among forty analogs, eighteen compounds 157-159, 162-166, 171-178, 181, and 182 were possess more inhibitory potential than the standard D-saccharic acid 1,4lactone (IC50 = 48.4 ± 1.25 μM). In DPPH activity, only one compound 162 is active which is two-fold more potent than the standards BHT (IC50 = 128.2 ± 0.5 µM) and remaining compounds were found to be inactive.
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