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4 ۔حدِحرابہ

4 ۔حدِحرابہ
لغوی معنی کسی کا مال یا کوئی چیز زبردستی چھین لینا ، جیسا کہ ابن فارس لکھتے ہیں
"الحاء والراء والباء أصولٌ ثلاثة: أحدها السّلْب، والآخر دويْبَّة، والثالث بعضُ المجالس.فالأوَّل: الحَرْب، واشتقاقها من الحَرَب وهو السَّلْب. يقال حَرَبْتُه مالَه، وقد حُرِب مالَه، أي سُلِبَه، حَرَباً. والحريب: المحروب. ورجل مِحْرَابٌ: شجاعٌ قَؤُومٌ بأمر الحرب مباشرٌ لها. وحَريبة الرَّجُل: مالُه الذي يعيش به، فإذا سُلِبَه لم يَقُمْ بعده. ويقال أسَدٌ حَرِبٌ، أي من شدّة غضبِه كأنّه حُرِب شيئاً أي سُلِبه. وكذلك الرجل الحَرِب۔"115
"مادہ " حَرَبَ " ہے اس کے تین معنی ہیں ایک معنی سلب کرنا(چھیننا )دوسرا دویبۃ اور تیسرا بعض المجالساور پس پہلا حرب سے مشتق ہے جس کا مطلب ہے چھیننا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے میں نے اس سے اس کا مال چھین لیا اور رجل محراب ایسے شخص کو کہتے ہیں جو امور حرب میں ماہر ہو اور حریبۃ الرجل سے مراد آدمی کا وہ مال ہے جس پر اس کی گزران ہوتی ہو جب وہ چھین لیا جائے تو اس کی گزران باقی نہ رہ سکے اور" الرجل الحرب "بہادر اور شجاع آدمی کو کہا جاتا ہے۔ "
فساد پھیلانے کے لیے کسی کو قتل کرنا حرابہ کہلاتا ہے ۔ یہ لڑائی دارالاسلام میں بھی ہو سکتی ہے اور دارالحرب میں بھی ، جیسا کہ ابن منظور لکھتے ہیں
"إِنما حَمَله على معنى القَتْل أَو الهَرْج وجمعها حُرُوبٌ ويقال وقَعَتْ بينهم حَرْبٌ الأَزهري أَنَّثُوا الحَرْبَ لأَنهم ذهَبُوا بها إلى المُحارَبةِ وكذلك السِّلْمُ والسَّلْمُ يُذْهَبُ بهما إِلى المُسالمةِ فتؤَنث ودار الحَرْب بلادُ المشركين الذين لا صُلْح بينهم وبين المسلمِين وقد حاربَه مُحارَبةً وحِراباً وتحَارَبُوا واحْترَبُوا وحارَبُوا بمعنى ورجُلٌ حَرْبٌ ومِحْرَبٌ بكسر الميم ومِحْرابٌ شَديدُ الحَرْبِ شُجاعٌ۔" 116
"اس کو محمول کیا ہے قتل کے معنی پر اور اس کی جمع حروب ہے اور کہا جاتا ہے کہ ان کے درمیان لڑائی واقع ہوئی اور دارالحرب ایسے...

Competency and Needs of Technical Vocational Teachers in the Division of Aklan

This research aimed to assess the general and technical competency of Technical Vocational Education (TVE) teachers in the schools Division of Aklan. It also determined the competency needs and gaps in teaching TVE in the implementation of the program. The study was participated by 118 TVE teachers. Mixed-methods research design using sequential strategy was employed in this study. The Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers was used as guide for assessing the general level of competency while self-assessment guide of TESDA was used to assess the level of technical competency. The quantitative data were used as bases in the conduct of focus group discussions to triangulate the responses in the survey. The general competency level of TVE teachers was described as “highly proficient” while the technical competency level was reported on the “advanced” level. The gaps identified were: (1) teacher-subject mismatch, (2) inadequate skills in applying math and science principles in technical training, (3) struggle in promoting understanding of global labor markets, (4) inability to lead workplace communication (5) lack of content knowledge and pedagogy, (6) lack of competence in assessment and reporting, (7) insufficient trainings related to area of specialization, and (8) expired and unaligned national certificates (nc).The competency needs identified were:(1) activities that would enhance competency, (2) motivation and opportunities to acquire/enhance, and apply competency, and (3) renewed professionalism and rejuvenated teaching advocacy and calling. 

Tunable Metamaterials

Metamaterials (MTM) are composite materials that provide some unique characteristics which are not available by nature. But there is one major drawback or limitation of MTM which is its fixed and narrow working frequency region. To overcome this limitation, there are few techniques, presented in this thesis, to vary the working frequency band of MTM. As MTM are artificial materials, so there are various resonators available in literature, presented for MTM. In this thesis, three resonators, split ring resonator (SRR), S-shaped resonator (SSR) and single side paired S-ring resonator (SSPSRR) have been chosen from literature and different techniques to shift their resonant frequencies are presented. For SRR, a tunable case i.e., inner ring shorted split ring resonator (IRS-SRR) is pre- sented in this thesis. The analytical expression of the effective permeability of IRS-SRR is calculated and for the verification of the analytical work, the experimental results are also included in this thesis. The analytical expression for the effective permeability of SSR is also presented in this thesis. Two tunable or modified cases of SSR, i.e., bottom metallic strips shorted S-shaped resonator (BSSR) and top-bottom metallic strips shorted S-shaped resonator (TBSSR) are presented in this thesis. The analytical expressions of the effective permeabilities of BSSR and TBSSR are also calculated. For verification of the analytical work of SSR, BSSR and TBSSR, experimental results are included in this thesis. Similar to SSR, the analytical expression of the effective permeability of SSPSRR is presented in this thesis and the experimental results are also included to verify the analytical work. Two tunable cases of SSPSRR, i.e., bottom metallic strips shorted single side paired S- ring resonator (B-SSPSRR) and top-bottom metallic strips shorted single side paired S-ring resonator (TB-SSPSRR), are also presented in this thesis along with experimental results. Other than the tunable cases of various resonators, rotation of resonators is presented in this thesis as a technique to vary the working frequency of MTM. This technique has been applied on SSR, SSPSRR and their respective tunable cases in this thesis and the vexperimental results are presented for justification of this technique. There are number of devices (made using MTM), are available in literature. All these devices can be upgraded to work as tunable devices using the techniques presented in this thesis.
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