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دورہ فرانس

دورہ فرانس

بھٹو صاحب فرانس کے دورے پر گئے تو صد ر اسکارڈ اسٹینگ نے پیرس کے مضافات میں اپنے فارم ہائوس پر  ان کے اعزاز میں ایک پرائیویٹ عشائیہ کا انتظام کیا جس میں دونوں سر براہوںکے خاندانوں سمیت چند دوسرے قریبی احباب شریک تھے ۔یہ ورکنگ ڈنر کے بجاء ایک فیملی گیٹ ٹو گیدر جس کا مقصد تفریخ اور خاندانوں کے درمیان روابط پیدا کرنا تھا ۔کھانے کے بعد اسٹینگ اور بھٹو فارم ہائوس پر چہل قدمی کے لیے نکلے تو راستے میں جگہ جگہ بتیاں روشن دیکھ کر بھٹو صاحب نے کہا’’جناب صدر آپ کے ملک میں بجلی وافر مقدار میں پیدا ہو تی ہے ‘‘مضافات میں بھی روشنی ہے ۔اسٹینگ نے کہا ’’ہم پن بجلی کے ساتھ ساتھ ایٹمی بجلی بھی پیدا کر رہے ہیں ۔بجلی وافرہے لیکن ابھی تک ان مضافات میں بجلی نہیں پہنچا سکے ۔یہاں ایک جنریٹر کی مدد سے بجلی پیدا کی جاتی ہے ۔ان دنوں جنریٹر عام نہیں تھے ۔بھٹو صاحب نے دیکھنے کا اشتیاق ظہار کیا ۔صدر انہیں لے کر جنریٹر روم میں چلے گئے جو اتفاق سے قریب ہی بنا ہوا تھا ۔بھٹو صاحب نے جنریٹر کو بڑی دلچسپی سے دیکھا نیز اس کی کارگردی اور انجن کے بارے میں سوالات پوچھے جو آپریٹر نے انہیں بریف کیا ۔اس مشین میں بھٹو صاحب کی دلچسپی کو دیکھتے ہوئے اسٹینگ نے کہا ’’جناب ایسا ہی ایک جنریٹر آپ کے ساتھ پاکستان جائے گا جو میری فیملی کی طرف سے آپ کی فیملی کے لیے ایک چھوٹا سا تحفہ ہے ۔

بھٹو مسکرائے اور گرمجوشی سے شکریہ ادا کیا اور دھیرے سے بولے ۔’’جناب صدر میں ایک غریب ملک کا وزیر اعظم ہوں ۔میرے ملک میں بجلی کی بہت کمی ہے ۔بجلی نہ ہو نے کی وجہ سے انڈسٹری نہ ہو نے...

ڈاکٹر فاروق احمدخان کی تفسیری خدمات اور آپ کے تفردات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of Dr. Farooq Ahmed's Tafsir Services and His Distinctions

For the guidance of humanity, God revealed the Holy Quran. It is the only book which is recited the most. Those who read and teach this book have been called the best people. From the blessed life of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) till today, scholars have tried their best to make common sense for the less educated people. And Muhadithin have to bind chapters of "Kitab al-Tafseer and Chapters of Commentary" in their own books. Companions and many commentators interpreted. Some of the interpretations were translated into different languages ​​so that common people can benefit from it. Scholars of the Indian sub-continent also interpreted the Holy Quran for the understanding of common people. A link in the same series is Dr. Muhammad Faruk Khan's "Asan Tarin Tarjuma Wa Tafsir" which is written in simple Urdu language. Dr. Sahib's distinctions on special topics make the reader ponder.  In this article, Dr. Farooq Ahmad Khan's services regarding Tafsir and his distinctions about (Alphabets, prohibited trees, forgetfulness of Adam, etc.) will be examined. Along with the opinions of different commentators will also be present. Keywords:               Qura’n, Dr. Farooq Ahmad, Asan Tarin Tarjuma wa Tafsir, distinctions, Commentators.

A Lexico-Grammatical Study of Noun Phrase in Pakistani English

The enormous and unprecedented spread of English has made it difficult for the so- called ‘Native Speakers of English’ to exercise their control over it. The non-native varieties of English are establishing their niche alongside the standard varieties of English. A paradigm shift can be noticed from ‘EFL, ESL, ENL’ to EIL paradigm. The non-native varieties of English have initiated their codification and description. In this scenario, this research studies Pakistani English as a non-native institutionalized variety and aims at identifying various features of it. The lexico-grammatical features of noun phrase in Pakistani English have been explored from six aspects. A corpus of written Pakistani English (PWE), 2.1 million words, has been compiled as a research tool. PWE comprises 29 text categories to enhance the representativeness of the corpus. PWE has been used to identify the features on the basis of actual instances or corpus evidence. BoE, BNC, Brown, Frown, LOB, and FLOB corpora have been used as reference corpora. This investigation is mainly a corpus driven research and the components of this research are based on corpus evidence observed during the study. One inference can be drawn from all the components of the present research that the differences between Pakistani English and the Standard varieties of English are not so wide as to create any serious problems in mutual intelligibility. But the differences seem wider than those between the British and American Englishes. The chapter 1 introduces the research and chapter 2 explores the theoretical undercurrents related to World Englishes and Pakistani English. It discusses the spread of English and the emergence of non-native varieties, conflicting standards among varieties, role of English in non-native context, the impact of pluricintricity, language policy and which model Pakistani English should follow etc. Chapter 3 is the survey of literature and links the present research with the research already done in the areas of Pakistani English, corpus linguistics, collocations, lexico-grammar, and noun phrase. Chapter 4 discusses the steps taken in the compilation of the corpus and introduces the corpus (PWE). Methodological framework has been kept separate from methodology. Chapter 5 describes the methodological framework of the research and explores the paradigm this research is II aligned with. Due to the complex methodology of the six components of the research, the methodology (a guide for the replication of the research) has been discussed in each component of the noun phrase before analysis in Chapter 6. The sixth chapter comprises six components of research and presents their analysis. The first component deals with mechanics i.e. hyphenated compounds in PWE, and highlights the differences from BNC and also addresses the importance of such issues in the context of Non-native varieties of English. The second component, Urduization, is the study of Urdu words in PWE and tabulates the data in various domains to show how Pakistani English as a non-native variety of English is bound in socio-cultural make up of the community. The third component, Noun Noun Compounds explores nine trends in the noun compounds and reveals hundreds of examples to identify trends in PWE. The fourth component, Modifying Adjectives, uses Yibin Ni’s (2004) model to explore lexico- grammatical and semantic categories of the modifying adjectives of 50 nouns selected on the basis of frequency and detailed consistency. The quantitative differences of this component have been further explored in the fifth component of the research. The same 50 nouns have been used as nodes of concordance lines to study the 1R and 1L collocates. These collocates have been grouped into lexical fields. The results of this component loudly pronounce that the real differences between Pakistani English and other varieties of English are mainly of collocations. One hundred nouns in PWE, which have been identified as vocabulary differences between British and American Englishes by Davies (2005), have been studied in the final component of the research. Chapter 7 concludes the research and shares some observations I made during the research. Chapter 8 is forward looking and introduces various researchable areas the present research has identified. In the light of the detailed discussion on theoretical undercurrents, it can be assumed that the results obtained in the data analysis are significant for description of Pakistani English and establishing the status of Pakistani English. Moreover, the results are insightful in ELT because they can show the difference between what is taught and what is being used. The information obtained as the results of the data analysis can be used in lexicographical activities. A supplement can be added to the already existing dictionaries.
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