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لال سلام
لال سلام
تاریخ سو پردوں کو چیر کر بھی سچ بولا کرتی ہے
تاریخ ہمیشہ مظلوم کے ساتھ کھڑا رہتی ہے
پختون معاشرے کے مروجہ نجی فیصلوں میں تعزیر بالمال کی عملی صورتوں کا شرعی جائزہ
Pakht┴n society has its own justice system which has different types of penalties and remedies to maintain the justice in the society. This study concentrates to investigate the nature of pecuniary punishment’s practice in distressing issues like killing, civil injuries and criminal offences. Perpetrators are punished to resolve the disputes. On one hand, this paper aims to find out answer to the methods of inflicting decisions in Pakht┴n’s cult and on other hand, to shed light on the legal status of arbitration regarding resolving such issues in the light of Qur’an and Sunnah. Study results illustrate that in some cases the offenders are charged in term of money to facilitate the victims, while in other cases both of the parties, perpetrators and victims, are called upon on meal for reconciliation of their dispute. Besides this, sometimes it is observed that the offenders are not only awarded pecuniary punishment but they are exiled as well.Synthesis, Charcterization and Biological Applications of Some Bis-Schiff Bases and Their Metal Complexes
This thesis presents the out comings of research work carried out to study some Schiff bases and their transition metal complexes from their prospect biological perspective. Six Schiff bases and their twenty four new complexes of Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Zn+ were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibition and urease inhibition potentials. In order to characterize synthesized compounds, various physical and analytical methods were employed including CHN micro analysis, EI Mass spectroscopy, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, AAS, FTIR spectroscopy UVVis., scanning electron microscopy, conductivity measurements and magnetic susceptibility studies. It was determined that complexes of Cu+2 and Zn+2 had tetrahedral and distorted tetrahedral geometries respectively while complexes of Co+2 and Ni+2 acquired octahedral geometries. The complexes were found better antimicrobial agents than their parent Schiff base ligands. The antimicrobial activity of complexes was observed to be dose dependent, as the test concentration was increased the activity was also increased. Similar pattern was found for antifungal activity as well. The mechanism of antimicrobial action of complexes was suggested as the reduced polar metal center increases the lipophilic characteristic which is favorable for antimicrobial inhibition potential. Schiff base ligands were found more potent antioxidant agents than the complexes. The complexes showed less or no antioxidant potential and it was associated with deprotonation of hydroxyl group upon chelation. In the case of α-glucosidase inhibition potency, the metal complexes were noticeably more potent than the corresponding ligands. The ligand SBLC and their complexes were found most potent. The inhibition strength of the ligand SBLC was found to be 51%, best among all ligands while for the complexes of SBLC, the inhibition potential were between 51% and 64%. For urease inhibition, the ligands were found almost inactive against the enzyme. Complexes of all ligands showed however excellent inhibition strength. Complexes of copper for all ligands were particularly better inhibitors among all. The [Cu(SBLN)(OAc)] was found to be the best urease inhibitor with 88% inhibition against the enzyme and was much better than standard. On the bases of results obtained and literature reports, some suggestions are also proposed to produce new potential antibiotic drugs in current global scenario of the "post-antibiotic era".Journals by Discipline
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