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میرواہ کی راتیں اور جنس نگاری

میرواہ کی راتیں اور جنس نگاری

کومل شہزادی

اردوادب میں اصناف سخن ہو اصناف نثر دونوں میں جنس کو بطور موضوع برتا جارہا ہے۔بالخصوص ناولوں میں یہ رجحان ابتدا سے ہی ہے بیسویں صدی کے ناولوں پر نظر ڈالی جائے یا اکیسویں صدی کی دودہائیوں کے ناولوں پر ہمیں جنس کا رجحان لازم ملتا ہے۔رفاقت حیات کا شمار اکیسویں صدی میں ہوتا ہے۔علاوہ ازیں اکیسویں صدی کے ناول نگاروں میں  محمد حفیظ خان کے ناول انواسی اور آدھ ادھورے لوگ دیکھ لیجیے اور محمد اقبال دیوان کا ناول کہروڑ پکا کی نیلماں جس میں جنسی رجحان نظر آتا ہے۔

''میرواہ کی راتیں ''ناول کے مصنف رفاقت حیات ہیں ۔جو ایک عمدہ ناول نگار ہیں اور ان کے اس ناول نے ناول کی دنیا میں اپنا ایک مقام بنایا ہے ۔ یہ 15 اپریل 1973 کو محراب پور ، ضلع نوشہرہ سندھ میں پیدا ہوئے یہ ناول 2019ء میں عکس پبلی کیشنز سے شائع ہوا ۔جو 144 صفحات پر مشتمل ہے ۔ناول کا مرکزی کردار جس کے ذریعے ناول میں دیہی علاقے کی بھرپور عکاسی کی گئی ہے ۔نذیر جو کام کی غرض سے اپنے چاچا اور چاچی کے ہاں رہائش پذیر ہے   ۔ نذیر میر پور ماتھلیو سے ٹھری میرواہ آیا کیونکہ وہ اپنے والدین  کی آتھ اولادوں میں چوتھے نمبر پر تھا ، اس لیے اس کے حصے میں ماں باپ اور بڑے بھائی اور سب سے چھوٹے بھائی کے حصے میں آیا تھا ۔ پانچ برس کی عمر میں جب اسے اسکول میں داخل کروایا گیا تو پہلے ہی دن  ایک لنگڑے استاد نے کسی وجہ کے بغیر اسے تین زور دار تھپڑ رسید کیے ۔ اب یہ علم نہیں تھا کہ یہ استاد کے تھپروں کا اثر تھا یا اس کی طبیعت کا من...

Economic Facilities for Non-Muslims in a Muslim Country in the Light of Quran and Sunnah

The question of economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country has been one of the most important questions in the Muslim and non-Muslim world. It has been highlighted by some economists and jurists about their economic facilities. This paper is intended to discuss the economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country in the light of Quran and Sunnah and the Islamic history. It is the topmost responsibility of the Islamic state/Muslim country to fulfill the basic needs of human life and to encourage voluntary services for the welfare of the poor, to promote equal opportunities in a Muslim country, to enforce social and economic justice in Islam, to provide social security and basic economic facilities, and to give a fair share of economic rights to all citizens. The Government should also provide employment (services), Jizyah and to impose tax on non-Muslims. It will be shown that in Muslim countries, all non-Muslims have equal economic opportunities and rights as other Islamic citizens and also the same status in terms of Islamic economy. This paper may also throw some light on the Islamic Philosophy of economy in the contemporary Muslim world and explore the constituents and effects of an Islamic/Muslim anti-economy policy. This paper will conclude by providing some suggestions on ways of solving contemporary non–Muslim economic problems in Muslim countries nowadays.

Determinants of Women’S Empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan

The present research work was carried out to address the measurement issues of women’s empowerment, and to assess the predictive strength of individual, familial, and socio-cultural determinants of women’s empowerment in the economic, familial, socio-cultural, and psychological fields. The objectives of the research were achieved in three independent studies. Study 1 was the preliminary work to develop a valid and reliable Composite Women’s Empowerment Index (CWEI) and was designed to construct valid and reliable measures of psychological, economic, familial, and socio-cultural empowerment: the dimensions of CWEI. The measures of psychological, economic, familial, and socio-cultural empowerment were based on the exiting literature. The factorial validity of the measures of psychological, economic, familial, and socio-cultural empowerment was determined via exploratory factor analyses on a convenient sample of 202 women of age ranged between 21- 60 year (Meanage= 39.50, SD= 10.70), belonging to five major cities of Pakistan (Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta, and Karachi). Data on all dimensions of women’s empowerment were individually subjected to exploratory factor analyses by using Varimax rotation method. Factor analyses were yielded by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Study 2 aimed : i) to individually confirm the factor structures of the measures of psychological, economic, familial, and socio-cultural empowerment that emerged in exploratory factor analyses, via confirmatory factor analyses and; ii) to validate the Composite Women’s Empowerment Index that comprised four dimensions: economic, familial, socio-cultural and psychological. Data of 500 women of age ranged between 21 and 60 year (Meanage= 38.50, SD= 9.40) were conveniently collected from five major cities of Pakistan (Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta, and Karachi) on all dimensions of women’s empowerment. Women’s empowerment index as a latent variable with four dimensions (viz., psychological empowerment, economic empowerment, familial empowerment, and social empowerment) appeared as a good model fit with a Chi square value = 4.345 (d f= 2) P> .05, CFI =.99, TLI=.97, RMR = .03, and RMSEA = .034. The index showed reasonably high internal consistency. The final measures of psychological, economic, familial, and socio-cultural empowerment comprised 21, 5, 8, and 5 items, respectively. Study 3 was conducted to examine the role of individual, familial and socio-cultural factors in predicting women’s empowerment. A sample of 1000 ever married women of reproductive age (21-49) year (Meanage= 35.55, SD= 7.80) was conveniently selected from two purposively selected city districts of Punjab (Multan and Lahore), Pakistan. Data were xix collected through demographic data sheet and measures of independent variables: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Internal Locus of Control Scale (Reid and Ware, 1974), Berlin Social Support Scales (Schwarzer and Schulz, 2003), gender awareness perception, legal awareness, political awareness, husband’s support, role of media, use of mobile phone, role of religion, social network, and local level facilities). Composite Women’s Empowerment Index and its dimensions (psychological, economic, familial, and socio-cultural empowerment) were used as outcome variables. Reliability and validity of the measures of the study were determined before data collection. In order to test the hypotheses of the study Kendall’s tau test, Chi- square, t-test, Ordinary Least Squares (stepwise), and Ordered Logit regressions were used. Results of both the Ordinary Least Squares (Stepwise) and Ordered Logit regressions showed that collectively from all the models (viz., overall, economic, familial, socio-cultural, and psychological empowerment) twenty two variables appeared as significant determinants of women’s empowerment. Own age, own education, paid job, personal income, internal locus of control, gender awareness perception, legal awareness, self-esteem, and own property appeared as individual level determinants; family system, family head, husband’s support, conjugal age, age difference from husband, family expenditures, and number of brothers appeared as familial determinant and; use of mobile phone, role of media, observing veil, social network, dowry, and role of religion appeared as socio-cultural determinants of women’s empowerment. The results of Ordered Logit regression validated the results of Ordinary Least Squares. The outcomes of mediational analysis supported our second hypothesized model and it appeared that education had significant indirect impact on women’s empowerment via income and self-esteem. The results of t-test showed significant differences in empowerment levels of women living in Lahore, and Multan and empowerment levels of women who were engaged in paid jobs and those who were not in paid jobs. Results of ANOVA showed significant group differences on the women’s overall empowerment with reference to age and education. The findings of the present research work hold important implications for women, non-government organizations, and government. Policy recommendations to enhance women’s empowerment in Pakistan have been emphasized. Keywords: women’s empowerment, women’s economic empowerment, women’s familial empowerment, women’s socio-cultural empowerment, women’s psychological empowerment, Composite Women’s Empowerment Index, individual level determinants, familial level determinants, socio- cultural level determinants, JEL Classification Codes: J11, J12, J16, J24, K38, O15, Z13.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
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