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مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ

مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ

 

مراتب علی اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر

 

                تغیر و تبدل انسانی زندگی کا خاصہ ہے اور تخلیقِ آدم سے ہی شاید یہ سلسلہ شروع ہو گیا تھا۔اگر مختلف تہذیبوں کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیاجائے تو یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ تہذیبوں کی تبدیلی کے ساتھ ساتھ زبان وادب بھی متاثر ہوتا رہا اور اس میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں ہوتی رہیں۔یہ ایک مسلمہ حقیقت ہے کہ ادب معاشرے کو متاثر کرتا ہے اور معاشرہ ادب پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ اُردو زبان بھی ابتدائی دور میں فارسی ادب سے زیادہ متاثر ہوئی۔ اُردو کی ابتدائی شاعری کے مطالعہ سے پتا چلتا ہے کہ ہمارے شعراء نے بھی وہی گل وبلبل کے قصے اور محبوب کی بے وفائی کو شاعری کا موضوع بنایا۔ اگرچہ مرزا مظہر علی خاں کو بعض ناقدین اُردو شاعری کی کثافت کو کم کرنے کا معمارِ اوّل سمجھتے ہیں اور میرتقی میرؔ نے بھی یہ دعویٰ کیا تھا۔

                اِس بات پر تمام ناقدین متفق ہیں کہ اُردو شاعری میں جدت کی بنیاد مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ نے رکھی۔ اگرچہ اِس سے پہلے نظیر اکبرآبادیؔ بھی شاعری کو اُمرا کی محفلوں سے نکال کر غرباء کے مساکن اور گلی محلوں تک لے آئے تھے۔ مگر حالی وہ شخصیت ہیں جنہوںنے اس بنیاد پر بہت بڑی عمارت کھڑی کردی۔ مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ اس حوالے سے ’’مجموعہ نظم حالی‘‘ میں جدید اردو شاعری میں فطرت نگاری، مقصدیت اور سادگی کو شاعری کا لازمہ قرار دیتے ہیں۔(۱)

                مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ سرسید کے رفقائے کار میں سے تھے اور سرسید احمد خان کے نظریات، فلسفہ اور اصلاحِ قوم کے...

Jihad Against Terrorism: A Response to Robert Spencer’s Views on Jihad

The word Jihād has been awfully misinterpreted in the post 9/11 literature. Quite a few critics of Islam have deliberately used Jihād as synonymous with terrorism. Robert Spencer, a prominent critic of Islamic Jihād, also maintains that Islam teaches violence, intolerance and extremism. The following research article is a critique of Spencer’s views on Islamic concept of jihad. It aims to prove that Islam is a tolerant creed and has nothing to do with violence and terrorism. The Holy Qur’an substantiates this claim and shows that the persecuted Muslim community was allowed to take up arms against the terrorists who not only tormented the innocent people but also expelled them from their native homes.

Association of the Trace Mineral Profile of Soil, Forages and Blood With the Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis in Grazing Sheep of District Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan

Sheep production in Pakistan has an imperative socio-economic impact on the small holder rural farmers. Gastro-intestinal (GI) parasitic infections in sheep cause a substantial loss in terms of productivity and constitute serious economic losses in the world. In parasitized sheep, reductions in immunity to fight against endo-parasites might be attributable to mineral deficiencies. Trace elements including Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) were determined in (a) sera of sheep, (b) preferred flora and (c) respective soil samples of district Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan during Autumn 2014 and Spring, 2015. Associative analysis was made between the serum concentrations of the study elements and quantitative worm burden. To this end, a total of 384 grazing sheep were randomly selected for collection of blood and faecal samples as per the standard protocols. An appropriate number of plants/ forages and soil samples were also collected. The sera, plant and soil samples were subjected to pre-treatment (digestion) required for the determination of trace element profile through atomic absorption spectrophotometery. Overall prevalence of GI parasites was 32.55% and 32.81% in district Sialkot during Autumn and Spring, respectively. Variable age and breed showed non-significant results while, sex was found significant during both seasons. Concentration of selected trace elements was significantly (P > 0.05) varied in analyzed forages; however, mean concentration of only Cu in forages collected from different tehsils varied significantly (P < 0.05) during Spring. A non-significant (P > 0.05) variation among soil trace elements was found in different tehsils of Sialkot district during both seasons. Concentration of all selected trace elements except Co in serum showed significant (P < 0.05) results among tehsils of district Sialkot during Spring while, only Zn in serum showed significant (P < 0.05) results during Autumn. Mean concentrations of Zn, Co and Cu during Autumn and Zn and Cu during Spring in serum was found inversely proportional to the mean egg per gram of sheep in all the three tehsils of Sialkot district. Forages containing high concentrations of Zn and Cu can be used effectively against GI parasites. Grazing of animals in rangelands containing trace elements rich forages increase the resilience against parasitic infections particularly in resource poor countries like Pakistan.
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