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حیرت کو تصویر کریں
حیرت کو تصویر کریں
خوابوں کو تعبیر کریں
تجھ کو دیکھنے والے سب
حشر ہی بس تحریر کریں
میں ہوں، تم ہو اور گگن
آئو اسے جاگیر کریں
ہم نے آپ کو چاہا ہے
جو چاہیں تعزیر کریں
خوشبو، بارش، چاند، فضاؔ
آئو کوئی تقصیر کریں
Role of Tehrīk-E- Mujahedin in Promotion of Two Nation Theory: An Analysis of Freedom Movement in the Light of Islamic Teachings
It is a historical fact that wherever the Muslims went; they were considered as a distinct community from others due to their strong Islamic identity, which is called Two Nation Theory. Muslims, due to this Islamic Ideology, conquered Subcontinent and ruled over there more than one millennium. They successfully ruled the Indian Subcontinent till the Two Nation Theory was alive in their minds. When Mughal Emperor, Akbar tried to demolish this Theory by introducing his new, fake, fabricated and heretical religion, named as “Dīn-e-Akbari" or “Dīn-i-Ilāhī”. The renowned Islamic scholar Sheikh Mujaddid Alif Sānī challenged this so-called innovated religion. After that Shāh WalīUllāh Muḥaddith Dehlavī worked against this innovative and heretical religion. After it, the first organized movement was established by Shāh Abdul‘Azīz, the son of Shāh WalīUllāh in 1820 AD. This Movement played a dynamic role in Muslim's Renaissance in the Subcontinent. It also played a vital role to promote Two Nation Theory and major Muslim movements got inspiration from it. Although, this movement was crushed at Bālākōt in 1831 AD, but it left comprehensive impacts across the Muslim world, especially, in Indian Subcontinent. This movement kindled a flame of freedom in the Muslims of Subcontinent. Historically, this Movement has a practical participation in the Independence movement of Pakistan. As we see its role at the time of Referendum in the North-Western Frontier Province in 1947. It is an irrefutable historical fact that the leadership of Pakistan’s Movement, especially, Allāma Muhammad Iqbāl, was much influenced by Sayyīd Shahīd’s Movement. Therefore, this study presents a missing link between the Pakistan Freedom Movement and the Two Nation Theory. This study reflects historical and analytical approaches and its application frequently. In this study effort are made to explore the historical link between the Two Nation Theory and Tehrīk e Mujahedeen as well as its dynamic role during the period of Freedom Movement of Pakistan in Indian Subcontinent.Production of Biodiesel Analysis and Testing the Performance of Biodiesel Engine by Using Indigenous Resources
This study aims to find out the potential of three different non-edible feedstocks namely Jatropha, Castor and Linseed for biodiesel production. The mechanical expeller was used for oil extraction in Biofuel Laboratory, Energy & Environment Engineering Department, QUEST Nawabshah.The transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel with homogenous catalyst (Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide).The physcio-chemical properties such as kinematic viscosity, flash point, cetane number and density, Free fatty acids, Sulphur contents, Pour point, Total acid, Cloud point, Water content and Calorific value of crude oil and biodiesel were determined before and after production of biodiesel followed by ASTM standard methods. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Model Agilent 5975 GC-MSD was used for determination of fatty acid composition. The IUPAC method was applied for preparation of methyl esters of free fatty acids. The blends were prepared with 90%, 80% and 70% of petro diesel and 10%, 20% and 30% of biodiesel. These blends were designated as JB10, JB20 and JB 30 for Jatropha, CB10, CB20 and CB30 for Castor, and LB10, LB20 and LB 30 for Linseed respectively. After examining the characteristics of blended biodiesel samples, these were used in Internal Combustion (I.C) Engine for performance analysis and emission level. The results revealed that diesel oil has lower thermal efficiency as compared to all biodiesel blends. Out of all blends, JB10 showed higher efficiency with 22.32% and JB20 lower with 16.83% thermal efficiency as compared to 15.94% of D-100. However, almost same thermal efficiency of 19.5, 19.6, 19.0%, was found from 30% blends of JB, CB and LB respectively. It was discovered from the analysis that Jatropha blend of 10% (JB10) was more useful for achieving higher thermal efficiency in I.C. Engine. Moreover, the NOx concentration found by Chauhan was 2200 ppm, 2500 & 2700 for JB10, JB20 & JB30 respectively, whereas in this research work the NOx concentration was found in the range of 25-39 ppm in all blends of Jatropha. Based on overall thermal efficiency, particulates and gases emissions, 30% blends of Jatropha, Castor as well as Linseed may be recommended for utilization in I.C. Engines. This study also revealed that if 30% diesel oil is replaced with blended biodiesel of non-edible oils, then an amount upto Rs.138.6 Billion could be saved at national level.Journals by Discipline
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