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المبحث الأول: أصلها ونسبها

المبحث الأول: أصلها ونسبها

 وُلدت بروین شاکر في بیتِ عزِ وشرفٍ وأصل أجدادھا من الھند، وھي من بیتِ علم وثقافۃ وشعر وأدب، فقد تعلّم جد الشاعرۃ (پروین شاکر) السید أبو الحسن في (پٹنہ) بتنہ في مسجدِ شمس الھُدیٰ[1]، وکان لہُ ثمانیۃ أولادٍ وبنتان، وکان والد بروین شاکر أصغر أولادہِ، وھو شاکر حسین، وکان یحب الشعر منذ صغرہ، ثم انتقل شاکر حسین من بتنہ إلی کراتشي، یبحث عن مستقبل رائعٍ، ثمّ تزوج بفتاۃٍ إسمھا أفضل النساء وھي والدۃ بروین شاکر[2]۔

ولادتها

 ولدت لسید شاکر حسین إبنتُہ الأولی في 12 مارس 1950م التي سماھا نسرین[3]، وفي 24 نوفمبر 1952م ولدت ابنتہُ الثانیۃ والتي سُمیت ب (پروین بانو)[4]، وبعدھا نسبتاً إلی أبیھا سمیت ب(پروین شاکر) وأسمھا في شھادۃ الماجستیر (پروین بیگم)[5]، وأھلھا کانوا یسمونھا بالمحبۃ والدلع ب(پارو). تقول ھي بنفسھا أن (پارو)، و (پارا) أسماء الدلع والدلال کانوا أھلی یسمونی بھا (Nick Name)[6]۔

تعلیمها

کان تعلیم بروین شاکر الإبتدائی في(حي الرضویۃ) في (المدرسۃ الإسلامیۃ) في کراتشي مع شقیقتھا نسرین، أمّا بروین فکانت طالبۃ مجتھدۃ منذ طفولتھا، فقد سُجّلت في المدرسۃ في الصف الثالث ولکن بجھدھا ومحاولتھا ألحقت بأختھا نسرین في الصف الخامس۔

 بعدما أکملت الشاعرۃ دراستھا الإبتدائیۃ ألحقت بمدرسۃ في (Sun rising school) [7] ثم أخذت الشاعرۃ تشارک في مختلف العلوم والمسابقات بجانب دراستھا وتفوقھا الدراسي، المسابقات المختلفۃ والمباحثات أضافت في فھمھا وفطانتھا وأیضاً شارکت في الأعمال الأدبیۃ المدرسیۃ مما ساعدھا علی زیادۃ ثقافتھا وأدبھا۔

 ثم بدأت الشاعرۃ تُطالع کتب الأدب والمذھب والقصص الدینیۃ وقد فازت في ھذہ المدرسۃ بجائزۃِ في...

ELATIVE RISK OF DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG OBESE POPULATION

Objective: Diabetes is more prevalent mainly in Asian population, but the incidence proportion and likelihood are still unknown due to lack of evidence and proper research, therefore in this research paper the main aim is to assess the relative risk of diabetes mellitus in obese people in Pakistan. Methodology: A case control study was conducted on 233 participants including diabetic and non-diabetic. The participants were approached from different clinics and hospitals from Nov 2021 to April 2022 using convenient sampling technique. Participants’ age, body mass index and weight category were measured. The odds and relative risk ratio were calculated for diabetic patients in obese people. Results: It was found that among the obese population, the odds of having diabetes were 3.85 times greater than that of non-obese adults whereas relative risk was also found to 2.17 times higher than that of non-obese population with the p-value <0.05. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity is higher in diabetic population as compared to non-diabetic individuals. This increases the chances of developing diabetes in obese population as compared to the individuals with normal weight.

Production and Characterization of Manganese Peroxidase Mnp from Mutant and Native Strains of Coriolus Versicolor

Economical production of industrial enzymes in higher yields has been an area of intensive research interest for the last many decades. In recent years, scientists have made tremendous progress in enzyme biotechnology that has opened up new opportunities for enzymes in molecular biology as well as industrial applications. Fungi belong to a group of organisms with the ability to produce different types of enzymes. The importance of fungi is not limited to their native products; they are also useful in the development and commercialization of new products through the modern techniques of mutagenesis and molecular biology. Enzyme production in higher yields is important for any biomedical or industrial application of enzymes. White rot fungi are efficient lignin degrading microorganisms that produce high activities of ligninolytic enzymes, including lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase. Manganese peroxidase has got tremendous applications in biomass utilization, bioremediation, pulp and paper industry, food technology, nanobiotechnology and medicine. With increasing new biotechnological and industrial applications of manganese peroxidase there is dire need to search for new and hyperproduccing enzyme sources. The various techniques for developing hyperproducing fungal strains are radiation and chemical mutagenesis, and genetic engineering. Chemical mutagenesis offers the possibility of a wider and more economical technique for developing mutant strains for producing biocatalysts in industry, waste treatment, medicine, and in the development of bioprocess monitoring devices like biosensors. Keeping in view the above mentioned facts, a study was conducted to develop a hyperproducing mutants of Coriolus versicolor IBL-04 through chemical mutagenesis. Two chemical mutagens ethedium bromide (EB) and ethyle methansuphonate (EMS) were used for mutational work and hyperprucing mutants in each case were selected on basis of MnP production in solid state fermentation. The physical and nutritional parameters for the production of MnP by native and selected mutants were optimized through one-factor-at-a-time optimization stratergy. Physico-chemical culture conditions, such as pH, tempature, moisture levels, inoculum size, C:N ratio, mediators and metal ions were optimized and maximum MnP activities by mutant strains EB-60 and EMS-90 were 2796 U mL -1 and 3140 U mL -1 , repectivelty, as compared to 1635 U mL -1 MnP actvity from native strain. An increase of 3.2-fold in enzyme production after mutagenesis and optimization of various parameters was achieved as compared to native strain. The MnPs produced by native and mutant strains were 1.4-5.5 fold purified through ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchangechromatography and gel filtration. The purified MnPs from from mutant strains had the molecular masses of around 43 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The enzymes from native , EB-60 mutant and EMS-90 mutant strains of Coriolus versicolor were compared in terms of their pH & temperature optima and kinetic characteristics. The lower K M and higher V max values from selected mutant strains suggested that the MnPs from mutants were more efficient and stable as compared to MnP from the native strain. The results of this work demostrated that the random chemical mutagenesis of Coriolus versicolor IBL-04 significantly enhanced MnP production under optimized laboratory conditions. Higher activities and thermo-stabilities of MnPs from mutant strains suggest the potential of mutant strains for commercial scale MnP production for diverse industrial applications.
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